Piaget Stages of Development Essay Example for Free

Piaget Stages of Development Essay Child development undergoes various stages from infancy to adulthood. This process of development is called by various psychologists as â€Å"progression through development† to which, age is often attached on each developmental stage. The first stage is called the infancy stage which is from birth to one year during which the physical and psychological occur most rapidly. In Piaget’s developmental theory, the child’s development during this stage is called â€Å"sensorimotor† because the child’s behavior at this stage is mostly simple motor responses to sensory stimuli† (Kalat 170). The stage of toddlerhood which is from one year to three years old is partly connected with infancy stage because as Olga Drebben asserts, â€Å"in these early childhood stages, the infants and toddler’s growth and development include very multifaceted processes of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial transformations. Drebben affirms that the primary modes of infant and toddler are sonsorimotor. The childhood stage or as Piaget calls it, the â€Å"preoperational stage of development† is the stage in which children are subject to externally imposed rules and adhere unquestioningly to rules and the directives of powerful adults. In this stage, peer relationship is an important factor towards constructing a self separate from others and towards developing the capacity to think in terms of other peoples’ attitude one self. Deutsch, Coleman and Marcus stated, â€Å"Equal peer relationships give children a chance to experience reciprocity which greatly assists them in perspective taking and problem solving† (Deutsch, Coleman, and Marcus 359). Adolescence stage on the one hand, is seen to takes place at the beginning of puberty or from 10 to 12 year for girls and 12 to 14 years for boys and end and at the age of 18 for girls and 21 for boys. While psychologist admits the lack of precision as to age limit, this stage â€Å"assume more responsibility for personal attainment and well being† (Arnett 168). It is also the stage to earn a living and a time when interest in fun increased. The stage of adulthood on the other hand are divided into three; early, middle and senior adults. The early adulthood which starts at age 21 up to 34 years, is concern on being able to engage in intimate relationships and in finding more satisfying work. This stage is also period of focusing on long term goals, nurturing other physically, finding a meaning in life, and developing a tolerance for delayed gratification to meet long-range goals (Corey and Corey 88). The middle adulthood ages 34 to 49 is regarded as the period of reassessment of one’s work satisfactions, of involvement in the community and of accepting choice made in life. According to Gerald and Marianne Corey, this period of life is a time for â€Å"solidifying one’s philosophy of life. The senior adults 50 to 64 are regarded as the beginning of the wisdom years. This period is characterized as the time for serving the community and planning for work transitions and retirement. Finally, the elderly, 65 years onward is the time â€Å"to find new levels of meaning in life and to appreciate what one has accomplished† (Corey and Corey, 89). This stage is a period of physical weakness because it is a time of diminished strength and increased dependence on others. Of all these stages, the development stage that is more susceptible to schizophrenia are the early adulthood ages 21 to 24 for men, while 40 and above for women. This is because the vast majority of the onset of this disease â€Å"falls within the interval of 15-54 years of age (Hirsch and Weinberger, 215). Steven Hirsch and Daniel Roy Weinberger noted that onsets of schizophrenia in men â€Å"peak steeply in the age group 20-24† (215), and it slowed down at lower level thereafter. This onset for men is the reverse for women above forties. The stages that are more prone to Alzheimer are definitely middle adults, senior adults and the elderly because this disease takes place during these stages of life. Question 2. Two of Piaget’s universal developments are the sensorimotor stage and the preoperational stage. The sensorimotor development stages starts from birth up to the end of the second year. Also called the neonatal stage, it is the period of development when the infant where simply a passive being that acts with out any systematic goal. Sensorimotor stage is the development of the child that includes intelligence based on perceptual experiences such as reflexes from 0-1month, primary circular reactions from 1to 4 months which is a repetition of certain pleasurable behaviors and formation of habits, secondary circular reactions 4 to 8 months, the coordination of secondary schemata and so forth. An example to this is the hand exercises. The child can follow simple instruction to close or open his or her hands as this is pleasurable exercise, during the infancy stage. But when the child is over one year old he can already follow basic instruction with basic understanding. Preoperational stage on the other hand begins at 2 up to 6 years of age. Salkind implies that Piaget’s preoperational stage of universal development is the progression of the infant from a reflexive organism to towards understanding of the symbolic world (248). Michie Swartwood and Kathy Trotter pointed out that in Piaget’s preoperational stage, the key feature of children’s thinking â€Å"is symbolic representation† (69). Swartwood and Trotter cited that during this stage, the child is able to use symbol, an object, or a word to stand for something else (69). Thus, though preoperational stage occurs right after the sensorimotor stage terminates, the child experiences tremendous progress during this stage. An example to this is the ability to follow simple instruction not to touch this or that, or that, on the ground that it will harm him or her, or that it will hurt him. In comparing both stages of development the child acquires certain degree of progression before each stage terminates. Both stages also display some degree of intelligence as the child now learns a lot of things through his or her experiences. But these stages also differ on some grounds. First, children in the sensorimotor stage do not think symbolically, while in preoperational stage they do think symbolically. Second, in the sensorimotor stage, the â€Å"child is limited to direct interaction with the environment, while in the second stage, the children learns to â€Å"manipulate symbols that represent the environment (Salkind, 248). In general however, both these stages show the child’s remarkable and development. Question 3. Some of the major stress that I am dealing with in my everyday life are first and foremost are the pressures from deadlines that must be met. This creates tension in me especially when I am running short of time. Biased treatment and sexism are also a great source of stress because it angers me. I really hate these things and I felt stress every time I encounter it. Some minor stressors however that I encounter everyday are the peer pressures. Peers insistences of something I do not like create pressures on me. Stern and unsmiling faces also s a source of stress especially those I meet daily. Some of the coping skills that I learned over time to keep the minor stressors from becoming major issues are; first, to ease my self of being too competitive. I learned this skill after I realized that I do not actually need to compete with my self. I simply need to make a list of priorities and take things at a time based on the priority list. Second, is to be friendly. I just realized that there is nothing wrong to great people with a smile regardless of how they would respond at me. I realized that by doing this, I could prevent the minor stress from becoming a major stress as I actually overcome it. Question 4. Schizophrenia is a disease. It is a chronic disease and severe mental disorder with a typical onset in adolescence and early adulthood and a lifetime prevalence of 1%. Dwight Evans cited that on average â€Å"male have their illness onset 3 to 4 years earlier than female† (78). Schizophrenia is not a developmental disorder but a chronic mental disease. The four type of schizophrenia are the following, paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and undifferentiated. The characteristic and symptoms of paranoid are hallucinations and delusions. In the disorganized type, it symptoms and characteristic are reflected by disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect. The catatonic type manifest clinical syndrome such as excessive purposeless motor activity, extreme negativism, peculiar voluntary movements and so on. The undifferentiated sub type is diagnosed when the patient â€Å"does not meet criteria for the previous type yet does meet the criteria for schizophrenia† (Maddux Winstead, 182). It is more likely that schizophrenia has a genetic cause than environmental. It is quite common that when there is schizophrenia in the family, it is passed down to another member. Thus this disease is called â€Å"psychobiological† illness amenable to chemical intervention and modification of the environment. An example to this is when a person is exposed to violence and all other abuses since birth, he has the tendency to have psychological trauma which causes schizophrenia. Question 5. One incident that happened in my lifetime was when I read the story about a plane crash killing all the more than two hundred passengers. After I read the story, I was shocked and I developed psychological fear regarding boarding an aircraft. Psychology fit in this scenario because I knew pretty well that it was simply an accident. In this experience, I developed some fear as it would always come to my mind that this plane might crash too. But as I came to realize, accident happens anywhere to anybody, at any given time and cause. Since I cannot prevent it nor predict it, the best thing to do is to just be very careful and avoid those that I can, but those that I cannot; I just leave my fate in the hands of God. The connection here between psychology and life is that, life is real; we should rather be practical and realistic than be overcome by fear and anxiety about our bad experiences. Question 6. I have incorporated in my work of art elements of psychology through my use of colors and designs. In using bright colors, I usually expressed strong emotion such as anger, or fear, or other emotions. I also incorporated psychology in my designs such as shapes that expresses meanings like lovely ideas or joyful situations. I will incorporate them in the future in the same way I incorporated it the last time with perhaps some improvement or modification. I could connect the process that I go through as an artist with psychology through putting meaning on my experiences in the light of what I have learned about psychology. That is, I must seek the context of what I am trying to portray to which I labor so much. It means that my work of art should be reflective of what life is, of the emotions, such love, fear, and other strong feelings that we often encounter or should I say, that always experience on a daily basis. Finally, one influence that will mesh with my future work of art is those that wear green colors, or things that are green. I am fascinated by this color and this influence in me can help meshed up with my future work of art. Work Cited Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. International Encyclopedia of Adolescence, Volume 1 USA: CRC Press, 2007. Corey, Gerald Corey Marianne Schneider. I Never Knew I Had a Choice: Explorations in Personal Growth USA: Cengage Learning, 2006 Deutsch, Morton; Coleman, Peter T. ; Marcus, Eric Colton. The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2006 Drebben, Olga. Patient Education in Rehabilitation USA: Jones and Bartlett, 2010 Evans, Dwight Treating and Preventing Adolescent Mental Health Disorders: What We Know and What We don’t Know New York: Oxford University Press Hirsch, Steven Weinberger Daniel Roy. Schizophrenia Great Britain: Wiley-Blackwell, 1995 Kalat, James W. Introduction to Psychology USA: Cengage Learning, 2008. Maddux, James Winstead, Barbara. Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding USA: Routledge, 2005. Salkind, Neil J. An Introduction to Theories of Human Development USA: Sage Publications, 2004 Swartwood, Michie Trotter, Kathy. Observing Children and Adolescents: Student Workbook USA: Cengage Learning, 2004

violence on tv Essay -- essays research papers

Violence on TV   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violence is described in Webster’s dictionary as physical force exerted for the purpose of violating, damaging, or abusing. Violence on TV has been steadily increasing for the past few years. It’s not very often that you will find a TV show in prime time that doesn’t involve some type of violence. According to Hollywood sex and violence sells. The problem with this is that violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs. As adults we think that watching TV won’t effect us since we are older, but for younger children when they see someone die or get beat up they think it is cool. Children are very easy to mold into what you want, how many times have you noticed a younger brother or sister imitate their older sibling. TV can have the same effect, for example a 10 year old boys favorite show was WWF wrestling and one day after watching he tried one of the moves on his little sister and killed her. Violence on TV is at an all time high and we need to do something about it to protect the innocence on incoming generations. Since we live in a violent society, we're constantly hearing arguments that seeing TV violence, particularly as kids, desensitizes us so we accept real violence to the point that it even triggers real violence. Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  become &...

Othello’s character Essay

Shakespeare’s character, Othello, was certainly a believable character. Although he was a man who was a leader, of high military/social standing, he was still just a man. Perhaps when one holds such a high standing within a community or nation, their followers/admirers tend to forget that they are, just as we all are, only human. Othello’s mistake was that he unknowingly allowed himself to be influenced by Iago. Manipulation is a very powerful tool, especially if used by someone who has taken the time to study the human mind. With manipulation comes distrust, doubt, insecurity, and perhaps even fear. Othello was manipulated beyond his ability to recognize what Iago’s ‘plan’ was. His love for Desdemona, jealousy and insecurities most likely clouded his ability to percieve what was really going on and as a result he not only committed the tragic sin of murdering his true love, but also committed the ultimate sin of self-destruction. Although the saga of Othello was written long ago, the similarities of its misadventures are very similar to those of today’s society. How many of us have been truly duped by someone that we have put our complete faith and trust in? How like the people of today to be fueled by jealousy and rage their normally crystal clear outlook could turn to complete and utter despairingly gray? What would it take to turn the complete love and devotion of a husband into a murderous stranger toward the one person that he has pledged to love for all of eternity? How sad that Iago’s extreme jealously could target and destroy something as pure and beautiful as the love Othello had for Desdemona. It is quiet tragic that such jealousy could destroy such a great and powerful military leader. It seemed for as much as Othello loved his wife, she was in fact his Achilles’ heel. I cannot imagine the sickening horror that Desdemona felt when she realized that there was no defending herself from the tiny, poisonous seed planted by Iago. There was no defense in the eyes of Othello as his wife paid the ultimate price. I wonder how many relationships today have fallen victim to tragedy because of a well-placed comment of doubt or shadow on one’s character. In today’s extreme number of murder and divorce, I think that Othello and his terrible story are quite believable.

Analysis Of The Movie Basterds - 1920 Words

Inglorious Basterds is Quentin Tarantino’s sixth film in his discography and is in many aspects, the perfect culmination of what makes a Tarantino film a Tarantino film. From the deep cultural references in the dialogue to the unforgivingly in your face, some may even say offensive, violence throughout, there’s no mistaking who’s eyes you’re seeing the world through. Although it misses on some key points such as pacing and historical accuracy, Inglorious Basterds’ depth of characters, use of language, and unpredictability more than make up for its shortcomings. As someone who has seen all eight Tarantino films, and most multiple times, it is safe to say that Inglorious Basterds is a solid and memorable addition to the Tarantino filmography. Inglorious Basterds takes place in Nazi Occupied France in 1941. For most of the movie, we follow two main characters: American Lt. Aldo Raine and Austrian born Col. Hans Landa. Brad Pitt plays Lt. Raine, a man w hose mission is simple: terrorize Germans and take revenge on the Nazi’s for their treatment of Jews around the world. Along with his army of eight Jewish soldiers, known as the â€Å"Basterds,† Raine leads an Apache resistance throughout France. If Raine is our lead protagonist, Hans â€Å"The Jew Hunter† Landa is our lead antagonist. Landa, played by Christoph Waltz, is one of Hitler’s greatest tools to find Jews. As the story plays out, each man’s reputation grows bigger until finally, their paths cross at a Nazi propaganda filmShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Basterds 1892 Words   |  8 PagesInglorious Basterds is the sixth of eight films in Quentin Tarantino’s filmography and is in many aspects, the perfect culmination of what makes a Tarantino film a Tarantino film. 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It is not the role of art take cautious steps in an attempt to leave its audience unoffended, but rather to embrace diversity of thought and creativity to portray untainted ideas. Filmmaking—being a form of art—follows the same guidelines and thus shapes society through its objectionable and often jarrin g subject matter. The BattleRead MoreFilm Scene Analysis: The Crazy 88s from Kill Bill Vol 11376 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Scene Analysis: The Crazy 88s from Kill Bill, Vol. 1 Quentin Tarantinos Kill Bill, Vol. 1 (2003) is a unique blend of martial arts and revenge. Through his unique postmodern style, Tarantino is able to tell the story of a woman, The Bride, who sets out on a mission for revenge against the Deadly Viper Squad and Bill, their leader, after they ambush her at her wedding, subsequently attacking and killing her wedding party and leaving her for dead. 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Definition and Examples of Kenneth Burkes Pentad

Influence Of Early Childhood Educators - 1684 Words

The scope of this paper will be to compare the different roles that early childhood educators have in supporting the artistic development of children. The theorists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky and their respective beliefs regarding the instructional practice of early childhood educators will be examined and critiqued. Additionally, this paper will explore what these theorists believe to be the most effective way to teach the visual arts to young children and what role the early childhood educator plays in supporting their development. In a discussion of Piaget, the constructivist theory will be explained and connected to the visual arts education. The socio-cultural theory and social development theory will be closely examined when†¦show more content†¦Kaufman and Beghetto (2014) further suggest that creativity can be fostered in children to a certain extent by providing them with opportunities to express their own unique ideas. The first theorist that will be explored in this paper is Jean Piaget and his theory of constructivism as it applies to visual arts education. The constructivist approach, as explained by Thompson (2015), recognizes that children are naturally curious and eager to explore and learn from their surroundings. Children are actively involved in their learning and when they interact with their environment, it is their experiences that help shape their knowledge and understanding of the world. Thompson (2015) states that the early childhood educator’s primary role in teaching the visual arts is to observe children as they engage in activities. According to Piaget, the educator has a more hands-off role when teaching the visual arts to young children which allows the children to be more self-directed in their learning (Thompson, 2015). In his work, Piaget argued that children need to be provided with experiential learning opportunities and it is the teachers job to act as a facilitato r and help to guide the student’s learning (Thompson, 2015). Piaget also stated that children do not learn through direct teaching methods where the early childhood educators are transmitting knowledge to the students, rather,Show MoreRelatedInfluences Of An Early Childhood Educator1202 Words   |  5 PagesPart B: How does this impact you as an early childhood educator? Your response should be specific and demonstrate that you can make links from the theoretical bases (readings) to the practical situation (your centre’s practice). Here you should make some connections with current professional documents (for example, NQS EYLF in Australia). 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The quotation highlights the overlapping of different roles of leadership and management. It is true in respect that people misunderstand the true nature, roles and responsibilities of both the roles because the educational leaders play the role of manager in early childhood setting and the managers perform the duties of educational lea der. The following essay will discussRead MoreAustralian Government Policies, Initiatives And Legislative Requirements1075 Words   |  5 PagesDue 20th June, 2016, 1500 words (10% leeway +/-) Includes intext references. Explore Australian government policies, initiatives and legislative requirements and analyse how these documents influence curriculum, promote quality care and support the achievement of high quality outcomes for young children in Early Learning contexts. Introduction 200 words l Overview of the situation and identification of key issues. In 2012, the National Quality Framework (NQF) was introduced by the Australian GovernmentRead MoreDevelopmentally Appropriate Practice1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthis question, we must first review the history of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) and Early Childhood Education (ECE). Although ECE has been around since the creation of kindergarten in the 1800’s, the decade of the 1980’s was an important period for ECE. â€Å"By the 1980’s, meta-analysis of the well-designed US projects offered compelling evidence on the positive outcomes of [early childhood education and intervention]† (Woodhead, 2007). Therefore, there was much pressure to improve the stateRead MoreEarly Education For Children : Early Childhood Educator1408 Words   |  6 PagesEarly education for children is very crucial as it helps shape up the foundation of their knowledge and behavior development process. Children begin to develop the sense of curiosity from the age of two. And from age 2-8, children go through a very crucial period of mental development, which shapes up their future mindset (Grayson, 2016). Early children education (ECE) has been listed as the number one priority of the National Association of Education. The teachers or educators at nursery and primaryRead MoreReflection On Early Childhood Education1198 Words   |  5 Pagesreflect on the past eight weeks, my insights on Early Childhood Education have given me a better understanding of issues and trends in Early Childhood Education. As I mastered this course, I have also become more knowledgeable and understanding of the needs of children and families in my community. Another way that I have been strengthened was through discussions and sharing blogs with my colleagues. On the other hand, researching professional early childhood education topics and viewing multimedia presentationsRead MoreEssay On Early Childhood Education1498 Words   |  6 Pages Early childhood educators teach stu dents within pre-school programs, kindergarten programs and ultimately through the second grade. Educators influence our children in order to become fully prepared for the future generation. It has been stereotyped that these educators may teach simple topics; however, these particular concepts are the fundamentals toward a child’s emotional and academic growth. The use of social skills within a classroom environment potentially results in not only the students’Read MoreThe Primary Limitation Of Leadership1586 Words   |  7 Pagesmatch the leader (Leadership-Central, 2014). Models of leadership help early childhood educator to understand the factors, which highlight effective leadership. A model is a significance framework for categorizing required features or factors. It also oversimplifies a very complex idea that can be supportive for understanding important components and believed factors (Rodd, 2013). Leadership is nothing but the capability to influence people towards the achievement of goals. The leadership qualities comeRead MoreCommunication in Early Childhood1450 Words   |  6 Pagesskills of language and speech to enable the sharing of information, knowledge and feelings with others. Early childhood educators have an important job to nurture and support the development of communication in children. Communication skills are required in order to deliver the right message and convey it properly to the child. These involve body languages and facial expression. Without this, an educator loses the connection with a young child since one appears to be cold. As an example, when one smiles

The Usage of ICT in Business Operation-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Usage of ICT in Business Operatin of travel agency. Answer: Introduction ICT application in travel agency bolsters the effective working of enterprises since it accelerates administration techniques and updates both effectiveness and nature of monetary operations performed in an enterprise. The presentation of information technology advances taking a better favourable position of the resources at the disposition of a travel agency, when in fact their quick improvement forces the requirement for revamping enterprises and making expenses. This report will feature the utilization and estimation of ICT in business operations of a travel agency. The usage and value of information and communication technology in the business operation of a travel agency More productivity: The report highlights that ICT has opened new routes for connections between the individuals from the marketing channels, and newly management solutions that improve these connections (Bern, et al., 2015). The report also highlights the intensity of data trade among organizations working in a similar distribution channel has prompted more prominent productivity, as expanded data trade features shared interests and shared objectives, which thusly encourage cooperation (Spralls et al., 2012). Fulfill customer needs: The report likewise grandstands that ICT offers simple access, continuously, to information and data let to expedient recognizing evidence of purchase needs and in accomplishing potential clients with expensive, altered and exceptional information (WTO, 2015). The report also showcases how ICT fosters better approaches to fulfill shopper needs, as it takes into account an "informatization" of the whole travel and tourism value chain bringing about various value-added procedures, such: value extraction, value expansion, value catch, and value creation (Werthner Ricci, 2014), perhaps attributable to the Dynamic Packaging Tool, which stretches out customization ICT makes chances to outline new traveler services and items addressing individual needs. Providing advanced customer service: The report additionally includes that ICT empowers value co-creation as the 'joint making of significant value by the organization and client', ICT makes travellers more educated, requesting, engaged and dynamic part in arranging, outlining and detailing of services and items, travel agencies can utilize customer learning to make their offers from one perspective and shouldn't disregard travellers as a critical piece of traveler value chain on the other side. Giving the huge scope of data in brief time ICTs contribute the higher visitor fulfillment and enhance the tourist benefit execution and quality (Ashari et al., 2014). Enhance Better coordination with customers: According to the author, it encourages visitor organizations to increase upper hand inferable from: an entrance to solid and exact data or to extensive size and worldwide market, the bigger piece of the overall industry, the building nearer associations with providers and clients, the keeping up cost initiative in the market or/and the separating and enhancing their items (Buhalis, 2013). ICT empowers advancement and dispersion traveler items direct to the consumers, lessening reliance on the intermediaries and sales commission paid for go-betweens and coordinate and almost for nothing out of pocket access to data, ICTs reduce exchange costs and making higher incomes possible. Conclusion The directed research shows the distinctions in the watched points of interest and boundaries for ICT usage by tourism ventures, which may speak to the impact of both the particular idea of performed exercises and the offered item. In the opinion of the authors, the recognized hindrances can be balanced in different ways. One of them is starting local participation of travel agencies following the equation of a tourism group. Cooperation in such group permits lessening the hazard and cutting the expenses of ICT execution by many accomplices participating in it. References Ashari, H.A., Heidari, M. Parvaresh, S. (2014). Improving SMTEs business performance through strategic use of information communication technology: ICT and tourism challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4 (3): 120. Bern, C., Garca-Gonzlez, M., Garca-Ucedac, M.E. Mgica, J.M. (2015). The effect of ICT on relationship enhancement and performance in tourism channels. Tourism Management, 48 (June): 188198. Buhalis, D. (2013). e-Tourism: Information technology for strategic tourism management. London: Pearson. Spralls, S.A., Hunt, S.D. Wilcox, J.B. (2012). Extranet use and building relationship capital in inter-firm distribution networks: the role of extranet capability. Journal of Retailing, 87 (1): 5974. Werthner, H. Ricci, F. (2014). E-commerce and tourism. Communications of the ACM, 47 (12): 101105. WTO (2015). Guidelines for the transfer of new technologies in the field of tourism, Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.