Media and its affect on Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media and its affect on Terrorism - Essay Example The Government uses the media in attempts to limit the harm terrorist inflict to society and in attempts to punish or arrest those responsible for terrorist acts. The Government wants coverage to press forward their agenda and not the terrorists’ agenda. It uses the media to present terrorists as criminals and prevent glamorizing them so as to promote the perspective that blowing up a building, kidnapping a well-known individual, or hijacking an airplane are criminal acts despite the terrorists reasons (Raphael, 1). According to Joseph (1), well-known terrorist groups are adapting strategies and tactically progressing out because of comprehensive, global counterterrorism operations overseas. They are becoming expert at making use of homegrown terrorists, regional operatives, and communication technologies to the fullest, within reach for a long-term terror campaign against the United States. Nowadays, terrorist groups are enlisting, instigating, and guiding international strategies not just through Internet operations but by the use of a well planned, constant blend of propaganda videos as well as call-to-action messages disseminated via social media platforms, for example Face book, blogs, Twitter and YouTube (Joseph, 2). The social media framework of the terrorists is aiming disenfranchised youth with complex, fictional information and forming grassroots terrorists inside the borders of United States. thus, foreign jihadists are amplifying their chances of attacking the United States using a mix, multimedia community participant tactic intended to persuade citizen extremists to violence, organize ideological movements, create opportunities to enlist within the United States from relating world incidents, and promote domestic terrorists to lay down their own objectives and take direct action in the company of open-ended and open-source jihad at home. The tactic of getting together

How Organisations Use ICT Essay Example for Free

How Organisations Use ICT Essay The Northampton Academy is a new comprehensive school situated on the Billing Brook Road in Lings. There are 1300 students attending this school with the age range of these varying from 11-18 years. Northampton Academy Many business organisations use ICT in different ways depending on the type of organisation and how ICT can improve and help the business. The Northampton Academy is good example of a business that uses ICT in administration, in a more advanced and wider range of ways. The Academy needs to be able to send out letters to parents providing information such as how well their child is doing in school, whether or not their child is displaying the right kinds of behaviour in school, or information on educational trips coming up which their child may be interested in or is a part of. Newsletters also need to be sent out providing the parents of each and every child in the Academy with information about forthcoming events, plans for the future and general information such as school term dates. The variety of ways in which they use ICT in administration, are those such as at times like registration. The register will be taken by the teacher and each student marked present or absent, and then the register will be taken to reception where the staff will then feed it through an OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) machine. This saves time and effort of those that would otherwise have to type in the information of every student, saying whether or not they are present at school that day, so that each pupils attendance is recorded on their systems. With this information the computers will be able to work out each pupils percentage of attendance to put on individual records and also to enable them to keep on top of truancy and report attendance levels to parents. The school has to keep a record of every pupils data on their databases which is all done through ICT and typed into the databases on their computers. These need to be able to be updated if a student has a change of address or a slight change of information. The contact details can be stored easily and found easily which means it is a lot quicker to search for information on each student. It is important for the information to be retrievable quickly because if a child is ill or is in urgent need of going home, then telephone numbers and emergency contact information on that student needs to be found as quickly as possible and the staff dont have the time to be searching through paper files looking for that students information. Some of the information on each pupil is needed to be kept confidential, and because it is all recorded through computers, rather than having to be written out and stored in filing systems, which would take up much more room and time searching for information, it is easier to allow for that to happen. Each member of staff can be put at different levels of access on the administration system and password protection can be enabled to individual records so that only the people that need access to those files can retrieve the information. Student and staff timetabling is arranged through ICT. They are produced through the software SIMs (Schools information management System). The computers store all the information about what year, ability level and lessons each pupil should be placed into and timetables for each and every student can be made. There has to be a teacher present at each lesson so teacher timetabling is also sorted through ICT. This way if there are errors made on an individuals timetable or there is a mix-up somewhere, it doesnt take long to correct it on the systems and re-print another one for the student or the member of staff. Using the software on the computers, things such as sending out newsletters, sending letters home to parents and general word processing becomes a lot quicker and easier. They can be made professional by applying letterheads to each letter they send, and addresses can be mail merged to save time in having to find out names and addresses in manual filing systems. Every so often, each child is issued with a report that informs their parents about how they are doing in school and monitors their academic learning. Instead of each teacher writing every pupils report out by hand, the report is typed out which saves a lot of time. There are templates that teachers can use which, again, saves time in typing out a different report for each and every individual, when sometimes that isnt always necessary. This is all carried out through the use of ICT which is very useful, especially when reports are sent out to every student on a regular basis. Another beneficial way of using ICT in The Northampton Academy is carried out in the finance office. The financial department uses Microsoft Excel software to store information on every area of finance. This programme allows the use of formulae which automatically calculates and updates the changes made in finance so that they can keep track of how much money they are spending. Microsoft Excel provides great benefit to the school when it comes to financing because of this use of formulae. If you need to change a figure, then the spreadsheet recalculates everything again for you, saving a lot of time. The school has a budget which the finance office has to keep track of and make sure they keep to it and not over-spend. To do this each department is allocated a certain amount of money that they can spend over a given amount of time, which they can use to buy resources or other equipment they need in their department area. Another important area the finance office deals with is staff wages. On their systems they keep track of how much each member of staff is being paid, when they need to be paid, and it will update all that information on the spreadsheets whenever a member of staff gets given a pay-rise or any changes are made to their pay. The financial department deals with making sure every member of staff gets paid the correct amounts when they are due for their next pay. The school provide a various number of different educational trips that take place over the school year. The finance office has to keep a system that shows them how much money each pupil has paid and for which trip, and how much more they need to pay. So that the pupil is aware of this also, the financial department issues each individual with a receipt. This information is stored on spreadsheets and every time the pupil pays in a sum of money it is changed on their spreadsheets and totals are automatically updated. The hardware used throughout The Northampton Academy varies depending on whether youre part of the administration team or a pupil at the Academy. This will depend on the workstation used. The station used by the administration team is a Dell OptiPlex GX1. This includes: * 15 or 17 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitor. These are big and bulky and take up more space. The administration staff have more room on their desks in general, because the desk only needs to cater for a single person, so they can manage with having a bigger monitor on their desk. * CPU (Central Processing Unit) * Mouse * Keyboard * Intel Pentium 2 or 3 processor * 265Mb RAM * CD Drive * Windows 2000 The station used by the pupils at the Academy is a Dell OptiPlex GX270. This includes: * 15 TFT (Thin Film Transistor) monitor. These are flat screens, which are small and compact. The students use these monitors because they need more working space on the computer desks as they dont get a desk to themselves, individually. This way more computers and more students can fit into the classroom. * CPU (Central Processing Unit) * Mouse * Keyboard * Intel Pentium 4 processor running at 2.6Ghz * 40Gb Hard Disk Drive * CD Drive * Windows XP Pro The workstations used by the administration team arent as quick and efficient as the ones used by the students. The Dell OptiPlex GX1 has all the hardware needed and is suitable for the needs of those in administration. The workstations used by the pupils have a faster running time with it running at 2.6 GHz. The memory of the computer is larger, to store all the work completed by students. The reasoning behind the students using 15 TFT monitors is so that space in the classroom is used more efficiently and so more students and more monitors can fit into the classroom. This applies to the tower box also. They are small and placed under the computer desk so that the only things on the desk itself are the monitor, the mouse and the keyboard. This allows space on the desk for students to have other things out and have more room in front of them. Each computer has a mouse and a keyboard. These arent cordless, because it avoids the trouble caused if they were misplaced, lost or perhaps, in an extreme event, stolen. In the classrooms, The Northampton Academy uses black and white LaserJet printer and colour Inkjet printer. Inkjet printers spray magnetically charged ink through a fine nozzle onto each sheet of paper, where a LaserJet printer uses a laser beam. The black and white LaserJet printers are used on a more regular basis simply because it is a lot cheaper to run. It prints very quickly and makes them efficient in classes where a lot of pages needed to be printed out by each student. When colour prints are needed, although the colour printers are not used much due to the cost of them and because of the very slow speed they print at, colour Inkjet printers are used because they are a lot cheaper to buy than they would be if colour LaserJet printers were used. The Northampton Academy has Microsoft Office 2003 software installed throughout the school which is used by both students and members of the administration team. The different programs used are: MS Office 2003 MS Word Word Processing Used by the staff to produce letters which can then be sent home to parents. Used by the students for GCSE coursework when typing up essays or producing work in various subjects. Teachers can prepare worksheets to be handed to the students in their class. MS Excel Spreadsheet Used for calculating sums of money in the finance department, and keeping track of school budgets. Used by students for ICT GCSE coursework. MS PowerPoint Presentation Used to create slide show presentations by teachers of various subjects which can then be shown to students to provide them with help and information in specific areas of the subject. MS Access Database Used to store information on every student in the school on a pupil database. Used for mail merging. Used by students for ICT GCSE coursework. MS Publisher Desk Top Publishing Used to produce newsletters which can be sent to inform parents of upcoming events on a regular basis. Used by students for ICT GCSE coursework. MS Visio Diagram Creator e.g. Flow Charts Room Plans MS InfoPath Used to create forms for data capture Microsoft Office 2003 isnt the only software used throughout the school. SIMs is used to a high extent in the administration office. SIMs (Schools information management System) is a full database which: Allows for the producing of timetabling for both staff and students. Produces set lists Is used for pupil monitoring, which are carried out and sent home to parents every 6 weeks using OMR (Optical mark Recognition). Is used for registration. The register is taken and the sheets are read by the optical mark reader machine. The data is then transferred into the database and matched to individual students. From this absence lists can be produced and followed up. The machine can then perform calculations which show attendance percentages for each student. Allows examination entries to be recorded for each, individual student and also produces exam timetables for them. Manages the pupil databases. Each student has a UPN (Unique Personal Number) which they are recognized by. To keep track of the money coming in and out of the school, the department budgets and the whole school budget, the finance office staff use specialist financial software (a database) called Hebron. This manages all the finance information, except from one area due to the fact that Hebron doesnt contain an order tracking system, and so Excel is used for this. As well as the different programs used in various ways for doing various different things, Windows XP offers other software which can be used. File Management Internet Explorer Utilities Paint Notepad WordPad Calculator This allows for the Academy to be fully equipped and use every piece of software they need and will benefit from. ICT is used widely across the school. It is used to a large extent in the ICT department to enable students to learn and complete work using the software on the computers. Every ICT room has a projector to allow for presentations and slide-shows to project onto a screen for the whole class to see and make use of. Cross-curricular use of ICT across the school has become a much bigger thing, which now means that every teacher is receiving a personal laptop; the use of ICT is specified under the National Curriculum and GCSE/A Level specifications; and the school is making use of many mini-suites and classroom PCs and trolleys. Interactive whiteboards are used in various classrooms, and the use of these is becoming larger by the day. The school is able to run more efficiently from the administration side of things as well, thanks to the great use of ICT. Letters can be produced and sent to parents using mail merge with the information retrieved from the pupil information database. As there are 1300 students in the school, the use of standard letters and templates comes in very useful. Clear and accurate information is kept about each student which is easy to find and can be easily updated using the database rather than using a manual filing system, such as lots of paper files. Books for educational purposes can be ordered by using the electronically stored order forms and being filled in using formulae to prevent mathematical errors occurring. The finance office manages the flow of money coming in and out of the school at a much quicker and easier rate because of the use of ICT. They make use of spreadsheets and specialist software in which they type in formulas to avoid repetitive tasks of adding up, calculating the averages and percentages and totalling sums of money, especially in cases where the information has to be changed. To keep the school functioning and communicating effectively, teachers now have Ranger software which allows for them to take over a students workstation from anywhere in the school if they are on inappropriate websites. The teachers can also send or post work straight to the students monitor using this software, which can help students to improve their work and allows for the teachers to monitor each student at any time to observe whether they are working hard. In general, ICT is used massively throughout The Northampton Academy which means the school is benefiting greatly by every aspect of ICT. Already, by the year 2004, the use of ICT in schools is fantastic. And to think that ICT is expanding and improving every day, makes you wonder what the future could hold! Lings Music Ltd Lings Music Ltd is a small independent company situated in the Weston Favell Centre with just the one branch. There are only 7 members of staff who keep it up and running. One of these is the manager and the other 6 are just ordinary working staff. The company isnt tied to any other big music stores; it is just a single, independently run, small company. Lings Music Ltd specialises mainly in pop music, but offers other categories of music. Because this is such a small company, they are unable to afford the latest equipment or any other expensive ICT equipment, so this means they have a limited amount of access to ICT in general. Lings Music Ltd do make use of some ICT but what they do make use of is very small, simply because they dont have the money to buy exceptional ICT equipment, so they make use of the basic hardware and software. The Microsoft package Lings Music Ltd uses is Microsoft Office XP, although they do not make use of all the software provided. They word process the lists of CDs they have in stock; use Microsoft Word or Publisher to produce basic flyers, leaflets, faxes, memos, letters and newsletters which help to promote their small business and advertise a little further. Lings Music Ltd also makes use of Microsoft Excel to calculate the staff wages, tax and National Insurance which saves them having to calculate everything themselves, manually, and instead use the automatic calculations provided through Excel. This saves a lot of time considering the staff number is small. Outlook Express is installed to enable for them to send emails and receive emails, which they can use to promote their business and sales to previous customers. But the main use they make out of Outlook Express is to email their suppliers to place orders to keep their stock at the correct levels. Lings Music Ltd only has one stand alone PC which is used by the manager. This means that it is not networked and if they introduced another PC into their business they would find it very difficult to update, access or share any files through the system. The one computer they do use is a Dell Pentium III with an 800 x 600 14 TFT (Thin Film Transistor) screen equipped with an Inkjet printer. With this all the hardware is used and made use of. Lings Music Ltd has managed to stay up and running as a small independent business for a fair amount of time now, but if they were to ever make the company any bigger and try to promote more and make more sales, then they would experience a lot of problems when it came to networking, the amount of software they use and the amount of PCs they use in their business. The manager and the 6 members of staff who run Lings Music Ltd have managed to get by with the equipment they do use, but could find themselves experiencing problems in the future as ICT expands and improves and they cant afford the latest ICT equipment.

Sphere :: Essays Papers

Sphere Sphere: Summary The Sphere is a novel about a huge vessel that is discovered in the South Pacific on the ocean floor. A group of scientists descended to investigate the mysterious discovery. The protagonists are the scientists: Norman, Ellen, Captain Barnes, Dr. Johnson, Beth, Harry, and Ted. The antagonist of the story at the beginning is a set of tragedies. Later the antagonist turns out to be themselves. The book starts out with the scientists having to take many vigorous mental and physical tests. Qualifying them to submerge themselves thousands of feet down into a spaceship of phenomenal dimensions. Many personality conflict arise. At one point communication is almost permanently lost with the surface world. An idea the spacecraft is from the future is shortly lived. Once the Sphere is opened, total anarchy takes control of the scientists lives. A monstrous squid, 15 times the size of a normally larger squid, emerges and destroys the living quarters of the scientists. Now they are forced to live in the spacecraft with all communication lost with the outside world. Killer shrimp, fire, and internal floods follow the introduction of the squid. Barnes is eaten alive by the gigantic squid. After the climax and many deaths the few people left discover whoever enters the Sphere is granted the power that everything they think or imagine happens or is created. Either it's conscious or subconscious, while they're sleeping or awake, or even if they really want it to happen. They also it was planted by another world as a test of its full capabilities and consequences. Ted actually imagines his own death, only to kill himself. Once their emergency submarine is lost, they realize they have a serious problem being trapped together.

Jean Toomer Biography Essay

Jean Toomer was born as Nathan Eugene Pinchback Toomer on December 26, 1884 in Washington, D.C. His father was a wealthy farmer, who was originally born into slavery in Georgia. Nina Pinchback was also of mixed descent. Jean’s father abandoned his family when he son was an infant, so he and his mother lived with her parents. As a child in Washington, Toomer attended all-black schools. After his mother remarried, they moved to New Rochelle, New York, and he attended an all-white school. After his mother’s death, Jean returned to Washington to live with his grandparents. He graduated from an academic black high school. By his early adult years, he refused to be segregated and wanted to be identified only as an American. Between 1914 and 1917 Jean Toomer attended the University of Wisconsin, the Massachusetts College of Agriculture, the American College of Physical Training in Chicago, the University of Chicago, New York University, and the City College of New York. He majored in agriculture, fitness, biology, sociology, and history but he never completed a degree. After leaving college, Jean published some short stories and continued writing after World War I. In 1923, Toomer returned to New York where he became friends with Waldo Frank, who became his mentor and editor on his novel Cane. In 1923, he published the novel Cane, in which he used material inspired by his time in Georgia. Below is an excerpt from his novel, Cane. â€Å"whisper of yellow globes gleaming on lamp posts that sway like bootleg licker drinkers in the fog and let your breath be moist against me like bright beads on yellow globes telephone the power-house that the main wires are insulate (her words play up and down dewy corridors of billboards) then with your tongue remove the tape and press your lips to mine till they are incandescent† ReadingWoman.com states, â€Å"Cane is one of the works of fiction that announced the arrival of the Harlem Renaissance. Though a slim volume, this collection of sketches, stories and poems makes up a dense and powerful book. Through vivid imagery and authentic dialects, Jean Toomer realistically portrays the lives and experiences of African-Americans, from the Southern peasant to the urban black in the North. Neither glorified nor stereotyped, Toomer’s characters speak in their own voices and are completely themselves, their behavior reflecting the truth about who and what they are. Cane compels the reader to feel its power on a physical level. At the time the book was published, and still today, these full, rich characters and images lead us to a greater understanding of the human condition.† He stopped writing literary works in 1950. Jean Toomer died on March 30, 1967 in Doylestown, PA after years of poor health. Works Cited â€Å"Jean Toomer – ENotes.com Reference.† Enotes.com. Enotes.com. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Writers of the Harlem Renaissance – Book Reviews.† Great Books for You to Read. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Jean Toomer Biography.† Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. .

Heroes Essay

Basically, heroes have a vision for society and their principles function as a catalyst that motivates the society. In addition to having ideas, heroes are brave. Unlike other people they have tremendous energy and patience to struggle with the adversity. Most people settle for the status quo because in reality they don’t want to put themselves in danger or risk themselves for others. Heroes are brave enough to take risk for people and society and they never try to escape from hardship. In an article â€Å"Heroism Must Mean More Than Sympathy,† Nicholas Thompson (2002) writes,† Heroes could earn that title simply for incredible acts of ravery several steps above the call of duty. † He states that heroes do more than there is their duty. Most people simply perform their duty and focus on themselves for their own betterment. Heroes are remarkably brave in comparison to people in general. They genuinely make effort to protect right of society and people. For ex ample, Amar Singh Thapa, a General of army in Nepal during British colonization in India and many other countries of Asia proved his bravery. At the time of British colonization in Asia, British army attacked the territory of Nepalese land. General Amar Singh Thapa fought against powerful British troop. In spite of lack of food for few days he continued war. At last British Army could not fight in such a hardship and Amar Singh won war against British. General Thapa protected country from British colony and saved Nepalese sovereignty and land. All Nepalese are proud of his bravery and his bravery is an exemplary in Nepal. For his bravery Nepalese admire to call him national hero of bravery. In other words, heroes act bravely in order to protect society and people by taking undesirable risk in their life. Finally, heroes have special skill and talent. Their skill and talent is enables them change the society in forward direction. Their creation and innovation are noteworthy. A person becomes hero because of his or her potential skill and talent to work for society (Brown, 1990; Psychology Today, 1995). Heroes have extraordinary skill and talent, which attract society and helps the society a great deal. For an example, Bill Gate has special talent and skill in development of computer software. Before Bill Gate developed software, computers were barely in use in public. The application of his software in the operating system in computers brought a big change in today’s world. People admire such a skilled and talented person who brought a total change in this world. His outstanding talent and skill in software is praiseworthy. Mostly people emulate other’s work and learn from others. Since heroes posses special skill and talent, they are naturally creative and innovative. New inventions and creative thinking always attract a community if it can help society to move in right direction efficiently. For such promising work, they deserve to be called a hero. Heroes always help society and individuals to change and are a role model in society. Over all heroes have some characteristics in common that influence society and individuals. They live in heart and mind of people because of their extraordinary principles, bravery, skill and talent. References Browne, R. (1990). Heroes and Heroines. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. How to be great? What it takes to be a hero? (1995, November-December). Psychology Today,28, 46. Thompson, N. (2002, January 15). Heroism must mean more than sympathy. The Oregonian. Tollefson, T. (1993, May-June). Is a hero really nothing but a sandwich? Utne Reader.

Minamata Disease

Minamata Disease This report will be informing you on the incident that occurred from Chisso ltd. dumping methyl mercury into the Minamata Bay causing a disease called the minamta disease. You will be learning where it occurred, and is there a treatment for the disease. Other information that is introduced is what are some of the many symptoms of the disease and what is the minamata disease is.What are the symptoms have having this disease? The many symptoms of the disease are numbness of the limbs and the area around the mouth. People who have the disease had difficulty with everyday movements, and also there occurred a lack or coordination weakness, and tremor, slowed and slurred speech, and altered hearing and vision. The symptoms worsened over time and led to general paralysis, involuntary movements difficulty in swallowing, brain damage and death.All in all it would be pleasant for someone to have te disease because you lose your life from not being able to do many everyday movements or thinking you'd usually do.3D model

Euthanasia Overview essays

Euthanasia Overview essays The term Euthanasia has become well known throughout the country. The word is derived from ancient Greek eu thantos, meaning easy death. Today, euthanasia is referred to as mercy killing. There is much controversy over whether or not the practice is just. Euthanasia raises many religious, medical, and ethical issues. Euthanasia can either be active or passive. Active euthanasia occurs when a physician or other medical personnel induces death. An overdose is administered to the patients in the form of insulin, barbiturates, or morphine, and then followed by an injection of curare. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, is allowing the patient to die due to lack of treatment. This includes taking the patient off their support system, or respirator. Passive euthanasia also includes stopping the food supply intravenously to comatose patients (Comptons, 1). Debate has flourished against those who accept passive euthanasia, but reject active. Questions are asked why one form is accepted and not the other. The distinction that is made between the two of them is that active is murder, while passive is merciful. Turning off support systems is a positive act of death (Singer, 76). In the Encyclopedia of Bio-ethics, some religious views of euthanasia were given. Hebraic and Jewish denominations strongly oppose the practice. They believe life is a precious and divine gift, and that it must be sustained if possible. Death must never be hastened by intention. Physicians who kill patients in order to spare them pain are considered murderers (554-555). Judaism also rejects euthanasia. They do, however, accept two forms of eu thantos: caring for dying patients, and letting terminally ill persons die. Early Christians opposed self-induced death out of suffering and despair. They also condemn such practices such as infanticide and abortion (556). Roman Catholics permit terminally ill patients to die ...

Geology of the Appalachian Mountains

Geology of the Appalachian Mountains The Appalachian Mountain range is one of the oldest continental mountain systems in the world. The tallest mountain in the range is the 6,684-foot Mount Mitchell, located in North Carolina. Compared with the Rocky Mountains of western North America, which have 50 plus peaks over 14,000 feet in elevation, the Appalachians are rather modest in height. At their tallest, however, they rose to Himalayan-scale heights before being weathered and eroded down over the past ~200 million years. A Physiographic Overview The Appalachian Mountains trend southwest to northeast from central Alabama all the way to Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Along this 1,500-mile path, the system is split up into 7 different physiographic provinces  that  contain distinct geologic backgrounds. In the southern section, the Appalachian Plateau and Valley and Ridge provinces make up the western border of the system and are composed of sedimentary rocks like sandstone, limestone, and shale. To the east lie the Blue Ridge Mountains and Piedmont, composed primarily of metamorphic and igneous rocks.  In some areas, like Red Top Mountain in northern Georgia or Blowing Rock in northern North Carolina, the rock has eroded down to where one can see basement rocks that formed over a billion years ago during the Grenville Orogeny.   The northern Appalachians are made up of two parts: the St. Lawrence Valley, a small region defined by the St. Lawrence River and St. Lawrence rift system, and the New England province, which formed hundreds of millions of years ago and owes much of its present topography to recent glacial episodes. Geologically speaking, the Adirondack Mountains are quite different than the Appalachian Mountains; however, they are included by the USGS in the Appalachian Highland region.   Geologic History To a geologist, the rocks of the Appalachian Mountains reveal a billion-year story of violent continental collisions and the subsequent mountain building, erosion, deposition and/or volcanism that came with. The geologic history of the area is complex but can be broken down into four major orogenies, or mountain building events. It is important to remember that between each of these orogenies, millions of years of weathering and erosion wore the mountains down and deposited sediment in the surrounding areas. This sediment was often subjected to intense heat and pressure as the mountains were uplifted again during the next orogeny.   Grenville Orogeny: This mountain-building event occurred around 1 billion years ago, creating the supercontinent Rodinia. The collision formed tall mountains along with the igneous and metamorphic rocks that make up the very core of the Appalachians. The supercontinent began to break apart around 750 million years ago and by 540 million years ago, an ocean (the Iapetus Ocean) existed between the paleocontinents.  Taconic Orogeny: Approximately 460 million years ago, as the Iapetus Ocean was closing, a volcanic island arc chain collided with the North American Craton.  The remnants of these mountains can still be seen in the Taconic Range of New York.Acadian Orogeny: Starting 375 million years ago, this mountain-building episode occurred as the Avalonian terrane collided with the North American Craton. The collision did not happen head on, as it struck the northern section of the protocontinent and then slowly moved southward. Index minerals show us that the Avalonian terrane stru ck the North American craton at different times and with different collisional forces. Alleghanian Orogeny: This event (sometimes referred to as the Appalachian orogeny) formed the supercontinent Pangea ~325 million years ago. The ancestral North American and African continents collided, forming Himalayan-scaled mountain chains known as the Central Pangean Mountains. The modern-day Anti-Atlas Mountains of northwestern Africa were part of this chain. The mountain building ended some 265 million years ago, and the ancestral North American and African continents began drifting apart ~200 million years ago (and continue to do so to this day). The Appalachians have weathered and eroded away over the past hundreds of millions of years, leaving only remnants of the mountain system that once reached record heights. The strata of the Atlantic Coastal Plain are made up of sediment from their weathering, transportation, and deposition.

Museum of Islamic Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Museum of Islamic Art - Essay Example The Museum of Islamic Art, Doha Islamic art and culture goes back 1,400 years ago to the years of the Prophet through to the eras of the Caliphs and Ottoman Empire. Qatar has been known for the oil boom which led to massive and large scale construction works in the country in the past three decades. Many landmark buildings have been built within this period in strategic locations to maintain the unique features of the region. The Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) is located on the south end of the Doha bay and it is a major building located on the edge of the Doha harbor and it has unique and distinct features that makes it a might build that depicts Islamic arts in architecture, usage and construction. Project Initiation and Location The Museum for Islamic Art was designed by the architect, Ioeh Ming Pei who blended Islamic tradition and monumental modernism to create the structure (Ourousoff 31). The project was commenced in 2004 when the Qatari government announced the desire to build a major structure that will reflect Qatar's bid to become the cultural center of the Arab world (Skinner 1). Actual work and construction activities commenced in 2005 and this ultimately led to the completion of the project in 2006. The project reflected Qatar's quest to present itself as one of the most prosperous economies in the Islamic world with the highest gross domestic products per capita in the world (Skinner 1). This was reflected in the magnitude of the project and the resources committed to its completion. The location of the MIA in the city of Doha also makes it an extremely distinct work of engineering because it required a cross-functional role that involved marine engineers aside the normal construction site to ensure that the project remained within reasonable range. The project is located on a newly created Peninsular or man-made island that is protected by a seawall just off the harbor of Doha in the south of the city (Ourousoff 33). The project is meant to blend a set of different elements and present the Qatari nation and the Islamic world on an exceptional pedestal. First of all, the building involved an architecture that reflected elements of Medieval Arabic architecture that incorporated elements of palaces amongst great Arab leaders. Secondly, the building involved important and carefully calibrated to provide exhibitions for various categories of Islamic history and culture. This include the arrangement of exhibition spaces, galleries, library and an auditorium. The venue is meant to exhibit elements of various stages in Islamic history and will display works of art, numismatics, manuscripts and weapons. Socio-Cultural Elements of Qatar & the Islamic World it Depicts The Museum of Islamic Art was a project that was initiated under the auspices of Qatar's hereditary Al-Thani dynasty as an attempt to enhance Qatar's cultural status. To this end, the MIA was meant to bring together the relics, audience and artists to develop the cultural systems and structures of the country for the future (Hudson para 6). Upon deciding to build the museum, the Qatari Museum Authority, headed by Sheikha Mayassa al-Thani called upon the then 86-year old IM Pei to draw the blueprints and architectural plan for the museum (Hudson para 2). The Chinese-American IM Pei was called for retirement to assist in drawing

Introduction to Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Statistics - Essay Example a) Proportion of affected patients was with the 95% confidence interval for the proportion of stroke patients who become clinically depressed given by . The confidence interval indicates with a confidence coefficient of 0.95 that the true proportion of stroke patients who become clinically depressed lies within this interval. b) To evaluate the claim of the health magazine, we check whether the confidence interval contains 60% of stroke sufferers. Since 0.60 is within the confidence interval, we conclude that the claim by the health magazine is consistent with the observed data (Mendenhall en Sinchich). c) The assumptions for the confidence interval to be valid include large sample size to ensure the validity of the normal approximation. The sample size of 79 is large enough to guarantee the validity of the normal approximation. d) Sample size to be used to achieve a 99% level of confidence that the sample proportion of stroke patients suffering from depression is within 0.025 of the true proportion is computed from the following formula. b) The main assumption for the validity of the confidence interval computed is that the sample should be drawn from a normal distribution or asymptotically, it should tend to a normal distribution. This assumption is violated since from the boxplot, the distribution of the temperature is right skewed. This is evident from the unequal length of whiskers of the boxplot, with a longer whisker for data to the right of the

Starting a Clinical Trial Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starting a Clinical Trial - Research Paper Example A clinical trial will now involve such investigations in human beings. The effects of such practice will have been investigated before approval for a clinical trial (Friedman, Furberg & DeMets, 2010). In order to determine if the research question is important enough to pursue further investigation through a clinical trial, the following criteria can be used. Clinical trials, like other research studies, are guided by specific criteria. It is important to: Determining the problem is an exercise similar to the formulation of a research question in the initial processes of the research study. It involves identifying the population affected, why such a population is the target and the issue of interest. In this case, a specific study has already been selected; â€Å"Chlorhexidine decreases the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit patients: a randomized clinical trial†. The problem here is; the patients in intensive care unit faced with a major problem of ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Research has however, established that this ventilator-associated pneumonia can be prevented by use of Chlorhexidine. In this research, the results have been confirmed; Chlorhexidine helps in preventing the occurrence of the disease. The next step should be investigating the correct dosage that will increase the percentage of the number of patients that it protects. It is expected that with such results, Chlorhexidine will help reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia cases. Already the research is a randomized clinical trial. 61 patients were involved in the study to assess the effects of Chlorhexidine on VAP prevention. It specifically assessed whether â€Å"oral care with swabbing four times daily with CHX reduced VAP development† (O ¨zcaka et al., 588). The results are supportive of further clinical trials. In this case, only 61 patients were involved in the study. Further clinical trials involve phases I to III of clinical trials

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud Dissertation

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud - Dissertation Example With the purpose of satisfying the data requirements of the proposed study, two types of data collection procedures, which include primary data and secondary data, will be taken into account. The primary method of data collection to be implemented in this proposed study comprises interviews and surveys. In this context, interviews and surveys will be conducted on managers and stakeholders for collecting primary data in this proposed study. On the other hand, the secondary data planned to be collected from various secondary sources in this proposed study will include journals, books, and other online sources. This proposed research will emphasize the study of earning management. Earning management is identified as a practice executed by managers to modify the financial stance of the earning entity, depicting misrepresented financial information during the unsatisfactory performance of a company. In this respect, the proposed study will be executed with the aim of determining the vario us differences and linkages amid earning management and fraud. In the process to attain the determined aim, the proposed study will depict the dimensions and aspects of earning management. Accordingly, a quantitative research approach will be adopted on the basis of which, the data collected will be analyzed with charts and graphs. It is expected that from the findings of the proposed study, the procedure on the basis of which earning management leads to fraudulent practices can be revealed evidently.... On the other hand, fraud is unaccepted under the principles of GAAP being explained as the procedure of misrepresenting data and information presented to stakeholders and investors of the company. Kassem (2012) contextually stated that earning management may be accepted under the principles of GAAP, but it may affect stock price as well as integrity of a company leading to non-transparency of financial information. As stated by Kassem (2012), management of a company may adopt earning management in providing misrepresented financial information in order to misguide stakeholders and investors during the failure of the company (Tangjitprom, 2013; Kassem, 2012). Earning Management is a form of Fraud According to Leuz, Nanda & Wysocki (2003), earning management is used by management of a company to adopt fraudulent practices for their benefits at the expense of stakeholders’, investors’ and others’ interests who are dependable on the performance of the company. In thi s perspective, when stakeholders and investors detect that management of a company has adopted earning management, the stakeholders are eligible to take adequate disciplinary and legal measures against the occurrence of the mismanagement (Leuz, Nanda & Wysocki, 2003). In a similar perspective, Saanoun, Riahi & Arab (2013) have stated that managers may be adopting earning management in order to obtain private benefits and revealing false financial information and reports to stakeholders and investors. Correspondingly, earning management is recognized as an unethical practice in business by stakeholders and investors, which can certainly hamper the confidence of stakeholders and investors among others to a significant extent (Saanoun, Riahi & Arab,

Civil Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civil Rights - Essay Example This effort bought significant result in 1946 when busses were not allowed to be segregated any longer while crossing borders. Truman, the president of that time established a committee for the protection of civil rights. Shortly two years later discrimination in military was banned. Because of the fact that the government itself was working on civil rights and awareness was being created, in 1952 there was no unfortunate criminal incident that involved racism since 1881. Two years later government disallowed discrimination at school level. It was a phase shift for the white people to understand and accept the black people in their community. In 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give her seat in a public bus to a white man (Willis n.d.). This created issues with the white community and the black people stood up for their rights and called for an actual implementation of all civil rights laws passed in the past. In 1957 the black community selected leader named Dr. Martin King Luther to pres ent their demands to the government. The Little Rock High School did not allow the segregation of children due to which the Supreme Court passed a Bill declaring all such schools as unconstitutional. Then Federal Troops were used in different places to implement the law. Terrorist activities started resulting in bombing and killing black people and their children. The culprits were caught but they were not brought to justice soon. Riots began and people also protested peacefully. The result was that during sixties black people were allowed to vote openly. They also secured the right to marry in different races. Black people were given prominent positions in government offices. During the late 1960’s Martin Luther was assassinated. The fact that a lot of effort has been put to recognize the right of different races in the social and economic situation in the United States of America does not mean that the movement was successful. It is true that there are more black millionair es than there were in the past but the count of black people working is not very significant. This is an indicator that the movement failed and the economic system could not be formed in a way to accommodate equality based on race. In order to understand the plight of the black people in these times, we can assess it through a comparison of the quality of life that an average black child enjoys as compared to the Hispanic white children. The quality of life can be determined on three important parameters: the average income, life expectancy and the chances that a person gets in life. In all these dimensions, black children remain under privileged to date. They are nine times more likely to be a victim of homicide, five times more likely to be dependent on a single parent, mostly their mothers, 4.5 times more likely to live with some guardian, 2 times more chances that they are born to teenage mothers and that their parents have not even finished high school. There are times when peo ple expect more from the civil rights movement to return than they expect. They need to understand that the civil rights protection movement is all about taking the extra privileges from white people that they normally receive due to no other reason but because of their color or race. It is about treating the black community equally and not granting them extra

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud Dissertation

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud - Dissertation Example With the purpose of satisfying the data requirements of the proposed study, two types of data collection procedures, which include primary data and secondary data, will be taken into account. The primary method of data collection to be implemented in this proposed study comprises interviews and surveys. In this context, interviews and surveys will be conducted on managers and stakeholders for collecting primary data in this proposed study. On the other hand, the secondary data planned to be collected from various secondary sources in this proposed study will include journals, books, and other online sources. This proposed research will emphasize the study of earning management. Earning management is identified as a practice executed by managers to modify the financial stance of the earning entity, depicting misrepresented financial information during the unsatisfactory performance of a company. In this respect, the proposed study will be executed with the aim of determining the vario us differences and linkages amid earning management and fraud. In the process to attain the determined aim, the proposed study will depict the dimensions and aspects of earning management. Accordingly, a quantitative research approach will be adopted on the basis of which, the data collected will be analyzed with charts and graphs. It is expected that from the findings of the proposed study, the procedure on the basis of which earning management leads to fraudulent practices can be revealed evidently.... On the other hand, fraud is unaccepted under the principles of GAAP being explained as the procedure of misrepresenting data and information presented to stakeholders and investors of the company. Kassem (2012) contextually stated that earning management may be accepted under the principles of GAAP, but it may affect stock price as well as integrity of a company leading to non-transparency of financial information. As stated by Kassem (2012), management of a company may adopt earning management in providing misrepresented financial information in order to misguide stakeholders and investors during the failure of the company (Tangjitprom, 2013; Kassem, 2012). Earning Management is a form of Fraud According to Leuz, Nanda & Wysocki (2003), earning management is used by management of a company to adopt fraudulent practices for their benefits at the expense of stakeholders’, investors’ and others’ interests who are dependable on the performance of the company. In thi s perspective, when stakeholders and investors detect that management of a company has adopted earning management, the stakeholders are eligible to take adequate disciplinary and legal measures against the occurrence of the mismanagement (Leuz, Nanda & Wysocki, 2003). In a similar perspective, Saanoun, Riahi & Arab (2013) have stated that managers may be adopting earning management in order to obtain private benefits and revealing false financial information and reports to stakeholders and investors. Correspondingly, earning management is recognized as an unethical practice in business by stakeholders and investors, which can certainly hamper the confidence of stakeholders and investors among others to a significant extent (Saanoun, Riahi & Arab,

Social work- serious case review practice issues Essay

Social work- serious case review practice issues - Essay Example ppened, it would also be that such events occurred because these guardians themselves were mentally-incapacitated to provide comfort and support to the children (Lyons-Ruth, et al., 2004, p.70). In this regard other agencies could have mitigated the effects of the debilitation of the parents or caregivers of children, by having them assess the capability of these adults to provide care and support (Phillips, 1997, p.609). Most often agencies such as social welfare, schools, health practitioners and other authorities are able to give provide the necessary assistance to children in high-risk families or neighbourhoods, and the help are able to give positive results, especially when the children in question are provided with proper medical attention as well as psychiatric counselling (Faver, et al., 1999, p.90). However, there are also times when these same agencies are unable to work together in solving cases of child maltreatment or neglect, especially when the parents or guardians involved are rather resistant to any outside help, which could result to the children getting injured or even ending up dead (Rzepnicki & Johnson, 2005, p.393; Wulczyn, et al., 2010, p.5). Such events are likely to be the result of the miscommunications or the lack of correspondence among agencies, as well as not understanding how the interrelationships between welfare agencies could prevent occurrences of children getting injured inside the home. Such a case has been documented by the Birmingham Safeguarding Children Board, when a child in a rather problematic family died due to onset of infections that were attributed to lack of proper nourishment, among other things (Radford, 2010, p.5). In hindsight, the problem could have been alleviated if the agencies which were attending the family were much more proactive in truly finding out the state of the family, as well as the ability of the mother and the partner adult to care for the children. However, the communication gaps between the

Ethical Implications for Human Trafficking in the United States Essay Example for Free

Ethical Implications for Human Trafficking in the United States Essay Ethical Implications for Human Trafficking in the United States Human trafficking is a type of modern-day slavery in which millions of people, regardless of gender or age, around the world are forced into. Human trafficking is the trade of human beings for the purpose of forced labor, sexual exploitation or illegal profits and usually involves the use of violence, fraud, or coercion to recruit, hide, and transport people illegally (Act Now). According to the United Nations is both a definition of human trafficking is â€Å"The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the removal of organs. † (UNICEF) The traffickers use different types of strategies to exploit the â€Å"slaves†. There are two types of slavery: those who are forced to work for money and those who are kidnapped and forced to work for food (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). Trafficking primary involves exploitation which comes in many forms such as forcing victims into prostitution, subjecting victims to slavery or involuntary servitude, compelling victims to commit sexual acts for the purpose of creating pornography and misleading victims into debt bondage (Do Something). Of the 27 million slaves around the world, 80% of trafficking involves sexual exploitation, and 19% involves labor exploitation (Do Something). Many of the people who are victims of human trafficking are people who voluntarily enter the business but under false pretenses. These people leave their homes in order to change their quality of life but many of the times they are lied to about the conditions of the work they are intended to do. Due to monetary problems or joblessness, people try to find better opportunities out of the country. Poverty is a huge contributor to human trafficking as well. Mostly in third world countries and sometimes in second world counties, family members will sell females and children for cash. Females can cost around US$100-2,500 depending on the country, the age of the female and if she has had a child or not (PBS). Then they must work off the debt they accumulate, which includes costs of food, shelter, and other expenses with interest which can take years to settle. Homeless children or children who come from broken families are more susceptible to the sex industry to survive economically. These innocent victims put their trust on â€Å"manager† or the â€Å"middle man† who promise them a higher paying job in a better area. Many women leave their homes in order to find better opportunities for a high paying job for their family but when they arrive to the new city, they are forced into an exploitative job. They way human traffickers secure the â€Å"slaves† is by making them dependant on them by taking their passport away, making them into drug addicts and with emotional and physical abuse. Although 110 countries have signed and approved the document, implanting the policies and law proves most difficult. The challenge lies in targeting all the criminals who target innocent and vulnerable people who organize the human trafficking ring. In March 2007, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC) formally launched a Global Initiative to fight Human Trafficking meaning they will help draft laws and help implement policies against human trafficking. The biggest international milestone to date has been the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, and Children (Act Now). The reason why it is so difficult to eradicate human trafficking is due to economical reasons. In economic terms, by increasing the amount of product in the most cost effect manner, the cheaper the product which is favorable for all consumers. However, putting it in simpler worlds, to provide lower prices for consumers, human traffickers reduce the cost of production by providing cheap labor to the factories. In order to find a better opportunity for their life, many people are being trafficked voluntarily. This means that they sign an â€Å"indentured servitude† agreement in which they are smuggled from one country into another. Even though this is illegal and exploitative, it allows people to move to a place that might have more resources to sustain them, which could balance the burden of human population. Because human trafficking allows some companies to produce goods and services at a lower cost, the other companies that compete legally will have to innovate and improve their businesses to stay competitive. Meaning human trafficking encourages the development of more efficient and innovative technology by providing cheap labor. Human trafficking dehumanizes the victims and rewards the perpetrators. With 50% of all slaves are under the age of 18 years, two thirds of them suffer from physical abuse from their handlers and it affects them in the long run (Do Something). They are more likely to develop metal health problems, engage in substance abuse, engage in prostitution and either commit, or be a victim of violent crimes (Do Something). We may think that things like this could never occur where we live but Orlando is the perfect example of how human trafficking in everywhere. According to Giselle Fernandez of the Coalition Against Human Trafficking, Florida is the number two destination for human trafficking due to the theme parks. Many of the girls work at the hotels, become prostitutes or end up in pornography. In order to prevent such a heinous crime, females must be educated so they are less susceptible to false hopes. Increasing police pay in certain destination areas so they are less likely to be bribed by traffickers. Only with efforts from the government, private companies, and especially communities will we be able to eradicate human trafficking.

Effects Of Global Recession On Marriott Hotels

Effects Of Global Recession On Marriott Hotels The hospitality industry is in the waist of venturesome ,verdicts .there are two challenges , which are effecting hospitality industry, the first challenge is globalization and second one is economical recession. Hospitality industry is hit by the global financial crisis, mostly tourism is involved with money, during economic recession, people dont like to spend much money for entertainment, they are started to think for saving money for basic needs like food shelter and family necessities. Any way because of recession hotel industry is in risky position, according to economical data the hospitality industry need, find away to bring normal position. Organization Background: Marriott is most popular and leading hotels in the world, first Marriott was opened by J Willard and Alice S Marriott, in Washington D.C (U.S), in 1927.also Marriott has more than 2800 properties, almost in 70 countries. Marriott planning to open more hotels and resorts different places in different countries. they plan to target the business strategies; Marriott developed the courtyard by Marriott concept approach to new product development. Marriott gives customer card (for regular customers) it gives 30%discount on the bill. The major in come for the hotels is from rooms Marriott is very good at there. 1. Events: Weddings and meetings: Marriott gives different types of packages for the weddings, Marriott is one of the best places to celebrate the weddings, and Marriott provides special accommodation for the couple, Marriott gives more facilities for sports, its provided the golf court in Resorts, They provide number of banquet facilities with, qualities service. They main theme is give good service to the customers and build-up the business strategy. 2. Inquiries: Marriott hotel handles the business inquiries from all over the world, Marriotts human resources is exhausting survey of local market requested by U.K hotels in U.K. local knowledge of local staff is most comprehended for the local inquiry. Rationale for the chosen topic: In this research on proposed topic due to my previous working experience in hotel Marriott, Hyderabad, India, there my position was a supervisor, during that time, my hotel was affecting by the economy crunch, not only that hotel but almost all hotels were facing same problem, the business has been getting down. The human resources were having more problems, instead of taking new staff, they were using same staff for extra work, they cutting the jobs, and decreasing the salaries. And there were more competitions between other hotels, Therefore this topic persuade to research on the specified objective below. Research objectives: The research objective is to critically investigate the affects of global recession on the tourism and hotel industry, in this process how hotel industry seek away from recession. The research objectives are listed below: 1 .The first objective is to recognize the several challenges, lying in hotel industry. 2. The second objective is resolving the different, solutions to economic recession and constructs the intensity. 3. The third objective is to produce several strategies, which is allocated in the economic recession challenges, with another shove. Research questions: This proposed research aims to answer the following questions: How can the credit crunch and recession change the hotel industry as a whole? Answering the above question will lead to the subsequent questions like: How would the Hotel Marriot take it up as a challenge? And what steps would it follow to overcome the recession? Why and how are they planning to reduce the accommodation tariffs? What are the reasons for the credit crunch and recession? And finally what procedures would they put in place in order to overcome the present recession? Literature Re-view: In this recession period competition started between the hotels, the competition is depend on, quality of restaurants and type of acommbidation and tariff ,hotel Starwood, Hilton, Inter Continental, the Accor groups are the main competitors for Marriott hotel. In recent years the global tourism and hospitality industry has experienced many serious crises and disaster, including terrorist attacks political instability, economical recession. Ref: (Boniface and Cooper, geography of travel and tourism 476). This proposal agree the above article ,according to author ,the hotel and tourism industries has been reaching problems with political and economical recession. The economy is depending up on the state, when the economy is decreased the recession will happened. People taken the more loans and houses on mortgage, they couldnt know whether they can return or not, during the economy slumps they were unable to return the money to banks, at the same time the banks are started to get loses, hence the recession started. After 9/11 attack the hotel industry has suddenly changed, they have lost major part of income. Hotel industry is depended with luxury and expensive, during recession people have started to change their thinkings, as enjoyment is just part of life, instead of spending money for enjoyment they started saving money to important necessities. And people have no money, most of the employees are losing their jobs, they just scaring about their future. During the recession the hotels has been facing more problems, because they cant afford the own money to run their business, and banks are not lending the money to any, business organizations. Unfortunately, the growth in the U.K sector has not been matched by the provision or detailed analysis of information sources. Typically supply side statistics are usually limited to room stock, where as demand side statistics are usually confined to occupancy percentage. Ref: (Paul, A. Phillips hospitality management 147-154). According to author the hotel business is depended with occupancy percentage, when the room Occupancy rooms high automatically the profit would be high. According to research above statement shows, credit crunch and economical recession. Credit crunch: where the low money to lending for business and interest rates are very high is called credit crunch. During the 2007 their for successful business, most of the business consumers facing more problems by credit crunch. Banks are scared to give loans for business, at the same time, customers also not depositing their money in banks, because the customers also fearing about credit crunch and they are keeping money with them. And high rates of interests also struggling business companies, no chance to start big business organization hotels. So credit crunch is affecting the major hotels. Although hotel insolvencies have increased by over 150% from the end of 2006 to October 2008 there will be further failure in 2009 when the full impacts of reduced demand will be felt. Ref: (Stephen Broom, Financial Times, nov23, 2008). According to author, Hotels are loosing their profit by offering low rates of acommbidation; Marriott has been getting down the over all profit. People taken the more loans and houses on mortgage, they couldnt know whether they can return or not, during the economy slumps they were unable to return the money to banks, at the same time the banks are started to get loses, hence the recession started. During the recession the hotels has been facing more problems, because they cant afford the own money to run their business, and banks are not lending the money to any, business organizations. Hotels are loosing their profit by offering low rates of acommbidation. Assesses changes occurring in the UK hotel market during 1997 and relates these to current and predicted future developments. Identifies the key issues affecting supply and demand, competitive success and likely impacts and influences on the UK market during 1998. Ref: (Trevor Ward, Contemporary Hospitality Management 270-273). According to Ward the key issues are raising on product and demand , most of the hotels following same way, just they decrease the room cost, they aim to attract the customers in the recession by the same way they has been gaining loses. The general economic factors also affect the hotel industry, bad whether, the credit crunch and a decline in job, work against the industry as holiday travel is curtailed or eliminate. Ref: (Roo Sadegi Financial Times, n.d.). According to Roo, the hotel industry is affecting by whether and economical recession, most of employees are losing their jobs during the recession. It is hardly affecting the industry, employers also, not interesting to recruit the new staff, why means they are unable to pay wages to staff, so they are cutting jobs frequently. Not only in U.K most of countries affecting by economical recession. Data collection method: 1. Primary data collection method 2. Secondary data collection method Primary Data Collection Method: This primary data contain in-dept interview with the assistant general manager of hotel Marriott and customers, the interview for manager will be conducted by telephone, and whole conversation will be tape recorded. This interview estimated to between half an hour to an hour, questions will be prepared advance in a particular schedule. The questions will be having clear idea about area, what we have to cover. This is research of process is devolved by (Gill and Johnson 1991). Secondary Data Collection Method: Information will be gathered through online, books and news papers. This research proposal contains more information from online because no much literature about this research (Saunders, Lewis and Thorn hill). The data collection methods give brief idea about above research proposal. Methodology: Research methodology performs the important function in explaining the type of research strategy that the researcher may assume pass leading a research and it clarifies how the research is departing. The research is very important so it has main intention as information of the examiners, examine and normal (Jankkowicz, 2005). It explains how data would be collected, and gives idea about which methods to be used. As the principal indented of the researcher is to investigate the affects of global recession on hotel and tourism industry with hotel Marriott, allocate access would be principally inductive in character. The data collecting method in-depth interview (Saunders, Lewis and Thorn hill, 2007), this interview will not be the prepared questions, it will be according participant, and would be very clear ideas (Alyan Bryman, Emma Bell, 2007). Data Analysis: The research process contain both qualitative and quantitative data analysis approach, this is developed by (Saunders, Lewis and Thorn hill, 2007), data gathered through, in-depth interviews in telephone. This research will developed, based on grounded theory, use of this proposal is data analysis could carry out in a minor formalized. This research could also create of the data management, statistical analysis software such as statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). This software is admittance from the center; it will be used great full presentation of graphs, tables. Resources Requirement: For this research proposal, required largely from on-line. And need library facilities for declared copies, books and literature Re-view. Even tough, its not obtain much literature review. The beginning of the ground work will presume the comprehensive utilize of telephone amenities. It is primary proper to the lengthy way to approach into Hotel Marriott and models supply by the organization. Following interviews of customers also carried by telephone or internet rely on the interviewees` priority. Time Scale: Table: Gantt- Chart (Feb 20th to Apr 29)

Their Eyes Were Wathiching God Essay -- essays research papers

Their Eyes Were Watching God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their Eyes Were Watching God is a story about the life of Janie Crawford and the hardships and triumphs in her three marriages, though there were many more hardships. In this essay I will share with you the setting, some characters, incidents from the plot, the theme, and point of view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story begins in the 1930's when Janie returns to her home in Eatonville, Florida. She then begins to recount her life story to her closest friend, Phoeby. The story then shifts on to various cities in South Florida, primarily Eatonville and the Florida Everglades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Janie Crawford, the main character, was a fair-skinned, black woman who was admired by many. She was married three times; her first marriage was at the age of sixteen which was arranged by her grandmother. Janie displayed a streak of her independence and identity when she left her first husband, and lived alone for months after her second died. Throughout her life Janie demonstrated a courageous personality as she traveled from marriage to marriage without thinking twice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tea Cake Woods, Janie's third husband, was a younger man in his thirties. He was a free-spirited, nomadic person, who's main source of income was derived from gambling. Tea Cake met his death when in a rabid rage, he was shot in self-defense by Janie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...

Analysis and Interpretation of Crickets

Analysis and interpretation of Crickets In the short story Crickets by Robert Olen Butler, we are introduced to the main character of the short story, Ted. Ted is not his real name, but a nickname that was given to him by his coworkers at the refinery where he works. He does not particularly like his nickname, but he does not hate it either. His real name is Thieu just like the former president of the Republic of Vietnam. He wasn’t named after the president though; his mother named him after his dead uncle.Thieu grew up in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, but later fled to the U. S. He witnessed the fall of Saigon in 1975 – and that was when he decided to fight against the North. The north was communistic, and Thieu was throwing rocks at the tanks driving through the streets of Saigon. Because of the situation in Vietnam, Thieu and his wife fled to the U. S. in hope of a better life. They ended up in Louisiana just like many other refugees from Vietnam. He works at the refi nery and has been working there for more than a decade.He is considered the best chemical engineer of the refinery, even though he doesn’t always feel that his coworkers give him the right or appropriate amount of recognition, which he (in his own opinion) knows that he deserves. He likes his job at the refinery despite his coworkers giving him a American nickname and only using that. Thieu believes that it’s probably because they don’t like the fact that he is from Vietnam where American troops have just been fighting in a war against his fellow-countrymen. Thieu doesn’t believe in the values of the Northern regime, which is also his reason for fleeing to the U.S. Thieu’s wife has, while living in America, given birth to their first and only son. The name of his son is perhaps the most non-Vietnamese name that they could find, Bill. Bill is ten years old, and is: â€Å"[†¦] the product of the first night my wife and I spent in Lake Charles, in a cheap motel with the sky outside red from the refineries. † (p. 25, l. 27-28). Bill is a very typical ten year-old, American boy. Like many other young boys he does not always think that his father is the coolest person to hang out with, and when Thieu propose the idea of them doing something together he answers with : â€Å"†Sure, Pop. † He said, though there was a certain suspicion in his voice, like he didn’t trust me on the subject of fun. † (p. 26, l. 5-6). He probably reacts in this way because he would much rather sit in front of the television, watching cartoons which has superheroes, who are fighting the battle of good vs. evil instead. Thieu and Bills relationship to one another looks very ordinary from an outside perspective, but it is actually quite complex from an inside perspective. When Bill says goodbye to his father in the morning he is doing it in a very ‘Louisianic’ way: â€Å"Have a good day, y’all. (p. 25 , l. 30) – you can almost hear the southern accent when you read it. And when Thieu says goodbye to him in Vietnamese he just giggles like it’s a joke. It is clear that Thieu wants Bill to learn Vietnamese because at the moment he only speaks English; he is an American and Thieu and his wife are Vietnamese and to Thieu this is creating some sort of ‘cleft’ between them that is making it harder for them to bond like father and son. Thieu wants to teach Bill one of the games that he used to play as a child. It involves catching crickets and then have them fight each other.But when they go ‘hunting’ for these crickets Thieu realizes that his son and himself has completely different values and that they’re obviously different from one another. For a brief while Thieu believes that he has his son interested in his game. The game involves catching crickets, either charcoal or fire crickets. When they are out in the wild to catch these cricket s his son’s Americanization shines through. He does not want to touch the crickets that he finds, like Thieu did when he was a child. So Thieu has to pick them up for him.And it only goes downhill from there. Bill worries more about getting his new Reebok sneakers dirty than having fun and playing with his father – and he only worries about if the mother can get them clean again. Thieu is obviously disappointed. He is not disappointed because of the sons lack of interest, but rather because he has not been able to give his own son some Vietnamese ballast, it seems like he has no idea where his parents are from or what they have gone through for him. It might be because he is only ten years old.The title Crickets represents the two types of crickets, charcoal and fire, which represents the two different civilization that Thieu and Bill are part of. Just like when Thieu was a child, his son and himself they keep crickets in matchboxes and kept them agitated by continuous poking and flicking. This resulted in them fighting each other to death. The charcoal crickets represent the U. S. : They’re large and strong, but can easily become confused – and he makes them appear rather unintelligent. The fire crickets on the other hand represent Vietnam, or perhaps Asia in general.They’re not particularly strong or big like the charcoal crickets, but they’re smarter and faster than them – just like Thieu is smaller than his fellow American coworkers, but he’s smarter than them. When these two different crickets aren’t agitated they can live in peace, but when they’re constantly agitated at one another they’ll end up fighting, and it will often end with someone dying. Thieu has indeed achieved The American Dream. He has moved to a better place and he has shaped/created his own future with hard work and determination.But while achieving this has he lost some of the Vietnamese values from his upbrini ng in the Mekong Delta? Perhaps. His son is one-hundred percent American in the way he dress and act; he only speaks English and this bothers Thieu to some extent. But is that alright, shouldn’t he be happy that his son does not have to go through the same that he did – one might wonder. Thieu wants to relive his Vietnamese childhood ‘through’ the son, but he does not seem to succeed, probably because the son is too American to understand or appreciate these values.

Holy Spirit and Servant Evangelism Essay

In thinking of what I have learned through this course, I am forced to admit I have always known the importance of being an active witness. I was not raised in church and developed â€Å"unbelief† in God through my teenage years. When I was saved, I was radically saved. The Lord became real to me and I told everyone I knew what the Lord had done for me. So excited was I about my newfound salvation and faith in God, I believe that I may have turned off some of my friends. One friend in particular was under such conviction that his internal struggle was very plain outwardly on his face, and yet he would not take the final step of surrender; possibly because I had been too excited and frightened him off. Early Experiences Today I have certainly not lost my joy, but I have learned a few things on how to be patient and wait on the prodding of the Lord instead of always jumping into a situation with Gospel guns blazing. Of course there is no joy like the joy of leading someone to the Lord. The oldest and probably one of the most exciting encounters I have had with someone was a 67 year old man who had a reputation of drinking too much. He had visited our church on occasion and one Monday night, a deacon from our church and I went to this man’s house and visited with him. We talked about the weather and other unimportant things. When I felt the time was right, I asked him how he felt when he came to church. He admitted he felt that people stared at him and made him very uncomfortable. I felt in my spirit that it was nothing more than conviction he really felt. I asked him if he were to die tonight, would he go to heaven? He answered, â€Å"No†. I asked if I could share just a few verses with him and he agreed. I employed the Share Jesus without Fear method. I have used this method many times because I believe in the power of the Holy Spirit using the actual Word of God read out loud. We went through the verses. He agreed he was a sinner, he agreed he needed a Saviour, and he said he was ready to accept Him into his life. He prayed a heart-felt prayer and stood up born-again at 67 years old. Not all my experiences are exactly positive, however. The first time I tried to share the good news of salvation in Jesus with one of my closest friends, he laughed at me, told me I was crazy, and that it wouldn’t last. Initially it hurt, but I recalled the scripture from Acts 5:41 which says, And they departed from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for his name. I left my friend with such an overwhelming feeling of joy that I was counted worthy to suffer a little shame for His name. Challenging My Thinking Obviously I am not a stranger to witnessing but I was blind-sided by one aspect of the evangelism class: Servant Evangelism. I have always been one to go out and go through the scriptures with someone. Almost a â€Å"street-witnessing† type of head-on evangelism. As I began to read and study about servant evangelism, I became convicted about the lack of it in my life. I can see where servant evangelism certainly has its place in a believer’s life. Servant evangelism is built upon love for fellow man and there is no greater calling on a believer than to love people, saved and lost. When asked in Matthew 22:37-39 what the greatest commandment is, the Lord Jesus responded, †¦Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. Loving others is the very next commandment after loving God. Servant evangelism is God’s love in action. This is exactly why the word â€Å"charity† is used in many places in the King James Bible. Charity is not merely â€Å"love†, but rather â€Å"love in action†, which is the real meaning behind what God means for us to demonstrate to others. It is the â€Å"incarnational lifestyle† that I am working toward integrating more into my life on a daily basis. As stated by Dr. Wheeler and Dr. Earley in their book Evangelism Is: How to Share Jesus with Passion and Confidence, â€Å"the essence of this lifestyle is wrapping our faith in the flesh of daily living! Specifically, it is authentically living out our faith in every situation.†. (p 214) A Deeper Desire Since beginning this class, personal evangelism and certainly servant evangelism has taken on a whole new meaning in my life. I have a renewed desire to be a witness for the Lord and I have been praying toward that goal. In those prayers I have become aware of my need for a measure of God’s wisdom and an awareness of what people are saying to me and how they are saying it, so that I may know what to say to those I encounter. I want to truly surrender to the Holy Spirit Who, I believe, will give me the necessary wisdom regarding what I need to say, how to say it, and when I need it if I will trust in Him. As far as being aware of what people are saying and how they are saying it, this depends largely on my willingness to listen. Dr. Wheeler spoke in one of his videos about listening in today’s world and how rare it really is. In our fast-paced society today, being distracted, distant, and impersonal is almost the norm. Therefore, having the ability to spend some precious time with a person and really listen to them is a valuable witnessing tool.(p 229). If the Lord Jesus is our ultimate example, we must take into account His listening skills. The story of the woman at the well is a perfect example. The reason the Lord connected with this woman is not because He talked to her, but because He listened to her. If I want to reach that goal of being a more effective servant evangelist and witness, then I realize that to listen like Jesus, is a must-have skill.(p 229) Learning to Listen I have always heard that a good listener is born, not made. I believe this statement is in error. If a person has a desire to learn to listen, particularly out of their love for God and a love for His people, the skill of listening can be acquired. First, one must understand the various levels of listening. These levels are from worst to best, as follows: Ignoring Unfortunately, this seems to be the most common level in our society today. We live in a world of almost constant distraction. Cell phones, internet, television, MP3 players, and more are vying for our attention. Because of this, it is very easy to become unaware of the needs of people, even those directly around us. It is a lie from the devil that tells us we are too busy to get involved or that we have too many of our own problems too worry about someone else’s. Pretend Listening Again, with all the distractions listed above, many people try to multi-task, texting, typing, or reading, and thereby reduce the importance and uniqueness of another person to just another distraction. Selective Listening This type of listening goes hand-in-hand with pretend listening. This type hears only what really interests the hearer, while dispensing the rest. One must remember what is not important to one may be vitally important to the other. Attentive Listening This level of listening involves complete attention, involving both eye contact and body language with a singular focus on the speaker. Real evangelism requires this kind of attention. Empathetic Listening As one might assume, â€Å"empathetic† involves an empathic attitude in listening; to really care about what the speaker is saying and how they feel. This is the highest level of listening and the highest level of connection with the speaker. (P 230) Needed Changes It goes without saying that if one is not growing and moving forward, one is stagnant or moving backward. I have recognized through this course the need to add some things to my faith. According to 2 Peter 1:5-8, it is not enough to just be saved and stop there, we must add certain qualities like temperance, patience, and charity to our faith, that we may grow spiritually. The result of this is given in verse 8, For if these things be in you, and abound, they make you that ye shall neither be barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. It is indeed fruitfulness in evangelism that has been at the forefront of my mind throughout this class. I have prayed on occasion for the lost when they happen to be on my mind. A change I realize I must incorporate into my regular prayer life is to have a list of lost people I know from my sphere of influence that I may pray for daily. Not only for the lost, but for myself and how I approach them also, praying for things like the wisdom of God I mentioned before. I also realize I need to pray for God’s compassion for the lost that I may pray for them and approach them with a genuine heart and not just as a Gospel soul-winning project. I want to have a better understanding of the needs people have in their lives and how they feel. I have learned that most men feel trapped in the rat race, they are under challenged in today’s society or have lost touch with their masculinity.(p217-218 art of evan) Women have completely different feelings such as the need to be wanted and for companionship, they need emotional support and support from their parents. (p219 art of personal evan) I have heard many people say that they pray for opportunities to witness. I understand what they are saying and I believe that their hearts are in the right place, however I look around me and I see the opportunities are everywhere. I just need love and boldness to share. In my quest to incorporate daily prayer for the lost into my life, I found a prayer outline by Doctors Wheeler and Earley to be very helpful in giving direction.

Marketing Strategies of Nestle and Unilever

CHAPTER – ONEConceptual framework and basic issues 1. 1 INTRODUCTION India is one of the largest economies in the world in terms of purchasing power and is among the fastest-growing, with a population of around 1. 12 billion people, with huge natural resources, and with costs that are at the very low end of the global average. All major consumer companies of India have sophisticated marketing and product development plans. Moreover, the multinationals that are operating in India have business models that are tailor-made to local markets and customs. After the economic liberalization of 1991, many MNCs have entered India. Today, global companies having subsidiaries in India include Unilever, Nestle, BATA, Colgate Palmolive, Procter & Gamble, General Electric, General Motors, Ford, Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Historically, the main reason for the entry of MNCs into India was to jump the tariff wall. High import duties ruled out the option of exporting finished goods from the home country to India. On the other hand, once they entered the country and set up operations, the country’s high tariffs guaranteed adequate protection. In some cases, the need to customize products necessitated a strong local presence. The multinational companies in India represent a diversified portfolio of companies from different countries. There are a number of reasons why the multinational companies are coming down to India. India has got a huge market. It has also got one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Besides, the policy of the government towards FDI has also played a major role in attracting the multinational companies in India. While several MNC’s have entered India, However, even within a given industry, some MNCs seem to be doing better than the others. Consider the automobile industry. Here, Suzuki and Hyundai are way ahead of formidable rivals such as General Motors, Honda and Ford. Similarly in the FMCG sector, even after allowing for its relative late entry, Hindustan Unilever Limited and Nestle remains a big player in the Indian market. FMCG are products that have a quick shelf turnover, at relatively low cost and don't require a lot of thought, time and financial nvestment to purchase. Three of the largest and best known examples of Fast Moving Consumer Goods companies in India are Nestle, Hindustan Unilever limited and Procter ; Gamble. The Indian FMCG sector is an important contributor to the country's GDP. It is the fourth largest sector in the economy. It has a strong MNC presence and is characterized by a well established distribution network, intense competition between the organized an d unorganized segments and low operational cost. The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy. It has a strong MNC presence and is characterized by a well-established distribution network, intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments and low operational cost. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labour costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG sector consists of three product categories, each with its own hosts of products that have relatively quick turnover and low costs: * Household Care * Personal care * Food and Beverages Food and Beverages * Health beverages; soft drinks Staples/cereals * Beverages bakery products (biscuits, bread, cakes) * Snack food * Chocolates * Ice cream * Tea * Coffee * Soft drinks * Processed fruits, vegetables * Dairy products * Bottled water * Branded flour Household care * Fabric wash (laundry soaps and synthetic detergents) * Household cleaners(dish/utensil cleaners, floor cleaners, toilet cleaners, air fresheners, insecticides and mosquito repellents, metal polish and furniture polish) Personal Care * Oral care, hair care, skin care, personal wash (soaps) * Cosmetics and toiletries deodorants Perfumes * Feminine hygiene * Paper product 1 †¢ Food & Beverage My project topic is on the study of Hindustan Unilever limited and Nestle India, which are major MNC’s (FMCG) in India. Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) goods are popularly named as consumer packaged goods. Items in this category include all consumables (other than groceries/pulses) people buy at regular intervals. The most common in the list are toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, toothpaste, shaving products, shoe polish, packaged foodstuff, and household accessories. In India, companies like HUL, P& G and Nestle have been a dominant force in the FMCG sector . These companies were, therefore, able to charge a premium for their products. With the gradual opening up of the economy over the last decade, FMCG companies have been forced to fight for a market share. An average Indian spends around 40 per cent of the income on grocery and 8 per cent on personal care products. The large share of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) in total individual spending along with the large population base is another factor that makes India one of the largest FMCG markets. Source: KSA Technopak Consumer Outlook 2004. Figure:1. 1 Even on an international scale, total consumer expenditure on food in India at US$ 120 billion is amongst the largest in the emerging markets, next only to China. Figure 1. 2 TOP 10 Fmcg companies in India 1. Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 2. ITC (Indian Tobacco Company) 3. Nestle India 4. AMUL 5. Dabur India 6. Britannia 7. Cadbury India 8. Pepsico 9. Procter & Gamble Hygiene and Health Care 10. Marico Industries The FMCG sector has traditionally grown at a very fast rate and has generally outperformed the rest of the industry. Given the large market and the requirement for continuous repurchase of these products, FMCG companies continue to do well . Moreover, most of the companies are concentrating on cost reduction and supply chain management and sustainable competitive advantage. FMCG must keep fine-tuning their strategy till they have a winning formula in place. It is FMCG’s which show both commitment and flexibility that are most likely to succeed in India 1. 2 Need of the study Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and chieve a sustainable competitive advantage. The need of the study of this project entitled ‘Comparative study on the marketing strategies of the HUL and Nestle in India’ is to understand whether the marketing strategies is suited to the Indian market because each markets in India follow different political and cultural environment, therefore different marketi ng practices are implemented to get the desired outcome, that is profit, so there is a need to study how these MNC’s adapt to Indian markets. 1. 3 Objective of the study To identify and compare the marketing strategies of Hindustan Unilever Limited and Nestle India * To identify the SWOT analysis. * To identify the marketing mix of both the companies * To analyse the various strategies adopted by both the companies to gain competitive advantage CHAPTER – TWO 2. 1 Profile of Unilever Unilever is a British-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the world's consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products and operates in around 100 countries. Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of Unilever N. V. in Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief 2. 1. 1 History of Unilever Unilever was created in 1930 by the amalgamation of the operations of British soap maker Lever Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, a merger as palm oil was a major raw material for both margarines and soaps and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities. In the 1930s the Unilever business grew and new ventures were launched in Latin America. In 1972 Unilever purchased A;W Restaurants' Canadian division but sold its shares through a management buyout to former A&W Food Services of Canada CEO Jefferson J. Mooney in July 1996. By 1980 soap and edible fats contributed just 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%. In 1984 the company bought the brand Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea). In 1987 Unilever strengthened its position in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds, the maker of Ragu, Pond's, Aqua-Net, Cutex Nail Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Faberge, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances In 1996 Unilever purchased Helene Curtis Industries, giving the company â€Å"a powerful new presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market†. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand. In 2000 the company absorbed the American business Best Foods, strengthening its presence in North America and extending its portfolio of foods brands. In April 2000 it bought both Ben ; Jerry's and Slim Fast. The company is multinational with operating companies and factories on every continent (except Antarctica) and research laboratories at Colworth and Port Sunlight in England; Vlaardingen in the Netherlands; Trumbull, Connecticut, and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the United States; Bangalore in India and Shanghai in China. The US division carried the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted that of the parent company. The American unit has headquarters in New Jersey, and no longer maintains a presence at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on Park Avenue in New York City. The company is said to promote sustainability and started a sustainable agriculture programme in 1998. In May 2007 it became the first tea company to commit to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner, employing the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO, to certify its tea estates in East Africa, as well as third-party suppliers in Africa and other parts of the world. It declared its aim to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010, followed by all Lipton tea bags globally by 2015. In 2008 Unilever was honored at he 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for â€Å"Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Creation and Distribution of Interactive Commercial Advertising Delivered through Digital Set Top Boxes† for its program Axe: Boost Your ESP On September 24, 2010, Unilever announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its consumer tomato products business in Br azil to Cargill and on September 27, 2010, Unilever purchased Alberto-Culver, the maker of personal care and household products such as VO5, Nexxus, TRESemme, and Mrs. Dash for $US3. 7 billion. On September 28, 2010, Unilever and EVGA announced that they have signed an agreement under which Unilever will acquire EVGA’s ice cream brands (amongst others, Scandal, Variete and Karabola) and distribution network in Greece, for an undisclosed amount. 2. 1. 2 Mission Unilever's mission is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. 2. 1. Vision We work to create a better future every day, help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others and will inspire people to take small, everyday actions that can add up to a big difference for the world, develop new ways of doing business with the aim of doubling the size of our company while reducing our environmental impact and fully recognize that we will need to develop a new model for business growth. We are embarking on a long-term programme of work with our employees,  suppliers, customers and other partners to realize this goal. With our portfolio of strong brands, presence in emerging markets and long-standing commitment to shared value creation, we believe we are well placed to deliver on this ambition. 2. 1. 4 Brands * Food brands Becel, flora, Bertolli, Blue band Rama, Heartbrand, Hellmann’s, Amora, Knorr, Lipton, Slim-Fast * Homecare Brands Cif, Comfort, Domestos, Omo, Radiant, Sunlight, Surf * Personal Care brands Axe, Dove, Lux, Lifebuoy, Ponds’, Rexona, Signal, Close-up, Sunsilk, Tigi, Vaseline 2. 1. 5 Purpose ; principles Our corporate purpose states that to succeed requires â€Å"the highest standards of corporate behaviour towards everyone we work with, the communities we touch, and the environment on which we have an impact. † * Always working with integrity Conducting our operations with integrity and with respect for the many people, organizations and environments our business touch has always been at the heart of our corporate responsibility. Positive impact We aim to make a positive impact in many ways: through our brands, our commercial operations and relationships, through voluntary contributions, and through the various other ways in which we engage with society. * Continuous commitment We're also committed to continuously improving the way we manage our environmental impacts and are working towards our longer-term goal of developing a sustainable business. * Setting out our aspirations Our corporate purpose sets out our aspirations in running our business. It's underpinned by our code of business Principles which describes the operational standards that everyone at Unilever follows, wherever they are in the world. The code also supports our approach to governance and corporate responsibility. * Working with others We want to work with suppliers who have values similar to our own and work to the same standards we do. Our Business partner code, aligned to our own Code of business principles, comprises ten principles covering business integrity and responsibilities relating to employees, consumers and the environment. . 1. 6 Management Our  operating  model  is designed to  deliver faster decisions. Learn more about our senior corporate officers and  the  Unilever Executive. The Executive directors are those members of the Unilever executive (UEX), including the group chief executive, who are also directors of Unilever. NAME | DESIGNATIONS| Paul Polman | Chief Executive Officer, Executive Director to the Boards of Unilever PLC and Unilever NV | Jean-Marc Huet | Chief Financial Officer. | The Unilever executive (UEx) is responsible for managing profit and loss, and delivering growth across our regions, categories and functions NAME| DESIGNATION| Professor Genevieve Berger | Chief Research and Development Officer| Jean-Marc Huet| Chief financial officer| Pier Luigi Sigismondi| Chief Supply Chain Officer| Keith Weed | Chief Marketing and Communication Officer | Douglas Anderson Baillie Chief HR Officer| Chief HR Officer| Non-executive directors The non-executive directors are the independent element in Unilever's governance. NAME| DESIGNATIONS| Michael Treschow | Chairman Unilever N. V. and PLC, Member of Unilever’s Nomination and Remuneration Committees. | The Rt Hon Sir Malcolm Rifkind, MP| Chairman of the Corporate Responsibility and Reputation Committee| Hixonia Nyasulu | Member of Unilever’s Corporate Responsibility and Reputation Committee| Paul walsh| Member of Unilever’s Nomination and Remuneration Committees. | 2. 1. 7 Financials Items | Amounts | Revenue| â‚ ¬44,262  billion (2010)| Operating Income| â‚ ¬6,339  billion (2010)| Net Income | â‚ ¬4,598  billion (2010)| Source:-www. unilever. com 2. 2 HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is India's largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods Company with a heritage of over 75 years in India and touches the lives of two out of three Indians. HUL works to create a better future every day and helps people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others. With over 58 brands spanning 20 distinct categories such as soaps, detergents, shampoos, skin care, toothpastes, deodorants, cosmetics, tea, coffee, packaged foods, ice cream, and water purifiers, the Company is a part of the everyday life of millions of consumers across India. Its portfolio includes leading household brands such as Lux, Lifebuoy, Surf Excel, Rin, Wheel, Fair ; Lovely, Pond’s, Vaseline, Lakme, Dove, Clinic Plus, Sunsilk, Pepsodent, Closeup, Axe, Brooke Bond, Bru, Knorr, Kissan, Kwality Wall’s and Pureit. The Company has over 15,000 employees and has an annual turnover of Rs. 17,873. 44 crores (financial year 2009 – 2010). HUL is a subsidiary of Unilever, one of the world’s leading suppliers of fast moving consumer goods with strong local roots in more than 100 countries across the globe with annual sales of about â‚ ¬44. billion in 2010. Unilever has about 52% shareholding in HUL. 2. 2. 1 History of Hindustan Unilever limited In the summer of 1888, visitors to the Kolkata harbor noticed crates full of Sunlight soap bars, embossed with the words â€Å"Made in England by Lever Brothers†. With it began an era of marketing branded Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Soon after Lifebuoy was launched in 1895 a nd other famous brands like Pears, Lux and Vim. Vanaspati was launched in 1918 and the famous Dalda brand came to the market in 1937. In 1931, Unilever set up its first Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Company, followed by Lever Brothers India Limited (1933) and United Traders Limited (1935). These three companies merged to form HUL in November 1956; HUL offered 10% of its equity to the Indian public, being the first among the foreign subsidiaries to do so. Unilever now holds 52. 10% equity in the company. The rest of the shareholding is distributed among about 360,675 individual shareholders and financial institutions. The erstwhile Brooke Bond's presence in India dates back to 1900. By 1903, the company had launched Red Label tea in the country. In 1912, Brooke Bond & Co. India Limited was formed. Brooke Bond joined the Unilever fold in 1984 through an international acquisition. The erstwhile Lipton's links with India were forged in 1898. Unilever acquired Lipton in 1972 and in 1977 Lipton Tea (India) Limited was incorporated. Pond's (India) Limited had been present in India since 1947. It joined the Unilever fold through an international acquisition of Chesebrough Pond's USA in 1986. Since the very early years, HUL has vigorously responded to the stimulus of economic growth. The growth process has been accompanied by judicious diversification, always in line with Indian opinions and aspirations. The liberalization of the Indian economy, started in 1991, clearly marked an inflexion in HUL's and the Group's growth curve. Removal of the regulatory framework allowed the company to explore every single product and opportunity segment, without any constraints on production capacity. Simultaneously, deregulation permitted alliances, acquisitions and mergers. In one of the most visible and talked about events of India's corporate history, the erstwhile Tata Oil Mills Company (TOMCO) merged with HUL, effective from April 1, 1993. In 1996, HUL and yet another Tata company, Lakme Limited, formed a 50:50 joint venture, Lakme Unilever Limited, to market Lakme's market-leading cosmetics and other appropriate products of both the companies. Subsequently in 1998, Lakme Limited sold its brands to HUL and divested its 50% stake in the joint venture to the company. HUL formed a 50:50 Joint venture with the US-based Kimberly Clark Corporation in 1994, which markets Huggies Diapers and Kotex Sanitary Pads. HUL has also set up a subsidiary in Nepal, Unilever Nepal Limited (UNL), and its factory represents the largest manufacturing investment in the Himalayan kingdom. The UNL factory manufactures HUL's products like Soaps, Detergents and Personal Products both for the domestic market and exports to India. The 1990’s also witnessed a string of crucial mergers, acquisitions and alliances on the Foods and Beverages front. In 1992, the erstwhile Brooke Bond acquired Kothari General Foods, with significant interests in Instant Coffee. In 1993, it acquired the Kissan business from the UB Group and the Dollops Ice cream business from Cadbury India. As a measure of backward integration, Tea Estates and Doom Dooma, two plantation companies of Unilever, were merged with Brooke Bond. Then in 1994, Brooke Bond India and Lipton India merged to form Brooke Bond Lipton India Limited (BBLIL), enabling greater focus and ensuring synergy in the traditional Beverages business. 1994 witnessed BBLIL launching the Wall's range of Frozen Desserts. By the end of the year, the company entered into a strategic alliance with the Kwality Ice cream Group families and in 1995 the Milk food 100% Ice cream marketing and distribution rights too were acquired. Finally, BBLIL merged with HUL, with effect from January 1, 1996. The internal restructuring culminated in the merger of Pond's (India) Limited (PIL) with HUL in 1998. The two companies had significant overlaps in Personal Products, specialty Chemicals and Exports businesses, besides a common distribution system since 1993 for Personal Products. The two also had a common management pool and a technology base. The amalgamation was done to ensure for the Group, benefits from scale economies both in domestic and export markets and enable it to fund investments required for aggressively building new categories. In January 2000, in a historic step, the government decided to award 74 per cent equity in Modern Foods to HUL, thereby beginning the divestment of government equity in public sector undertakings (PSU) to private sector partners. HUL's entry into Bread is a strategic extension of the company's wheat business. In 2002, HUL acquired the government's remaining stake in Modern Foods. In 2003, HUL acquired the Cooked Shrimp and Pasteurized Crabmeat business of the Amalgam Group of Companies, a leader in value added Marine Products exports. HUL launched a slew of new business initiatives in the early part of 2000. Project Shakti was started in 2001. It is a rural initiative that targets small villages populated by less than 5000 individuals. It is a unique win-win initiative that catalyses rural affluence even as it benefits business. Currently, there are over 45,000 Shakti entrepreneurs covering over 100,000 villages across 15 states and reaching to over 3 million homes. In 2002, HUL made its foray into Ayurvedic health ; beauty centre category with the Ayush product range and Ayush Therapy Centres. Hindustan Unilever Network, Direct to home business was launched in 2003 and this was followed by the launch of ‘Pureit’ water purifier in 2004. In 2007, the Company name was formally changed to Hindustan Unilever Limited after receiving the approval of share holders during the 74th AGM on 18 May 2007. Brooke Bond and Surf Excel breached the Rs. 1,000 crore sales mark the same year followed by Wheel which crossed the Rs. 2,000 crore sales milestone in 2008 and on 17th October 2008, HUL completed 75 years of corporate existence in India. 2. 2. 2 Management The fundamental principle determining the organization structure is to infuse speed and flexibility in decision-making and implementation, with empowered managers across the company’s nationwide operations. Management Committee The day-to-day management of affairs of the Company is vested with the Management Committee which is subjected to the overall superintendence and control of the Board. The Management Committee is headed by Mr. Nitin . Paranjpe and has functional heads as its members representing various functions of the Company and Management committee includes the members in the Executive directors Executive directors The Executive directors are members of the HUL Management Committee as well as the Board of HUL. NAME| DESIGNATION| Nitin Paranjpe| CEO and Managing Director| R. Sridhar| Chief Financial Officer| Gopal Vittal| Executive Director, Home ; Personal Care| Pradeep Banerjee| Executive Director, Supply Chain| Shrijeet Mishra| Executive Director, Foods| Hemanth Bakshi| Executive Director| Ms. Leena Nair| Executive Director, HR| Dev Bajpai| Executive Director, Legal and company Secretary| Non-executive directors The non-executive directors are the independent directors in the HUL Board NAME| DESIGNATION| Mr. Harish Manwani| Chairman of the Company| Mr. D. S. Parekh| Indepedent  Director| Mr. A. Narayan| Independent  Director| S. Ramadorai| Independent  Director| Dr. R. A. Mashelkar| Independent  Director| 2. 2. 3Financials of HUL Items | Amounts | Revenue| 17,873. 44 crore (2009-2010)| Net income| 2,202. 03 crore (2009-2010)| Source:-www. hul. co. in 2. 3 Profile of Nestle 2. 3. 1 History Nestle with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle and is today the world's biggest food and beverage company and the world's leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company. Our mission  of â€Å"Good Food, Good Life†Ã‚  is to provide consumers with the best tasting, most nutritious choices in a wide range of food and beverage categories and eating occasions, from morning to night. Today, the company operates in 86 countries around the world and employs nearly 280,000 people and has factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The Company's strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Nestle's existing products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Company's priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives The company dates to 1867, when two separate Swiss enterprises were founded that would later form the core of Nestle. In the succeeding decades the two competing enterprises aggressively expanded their businesses throughout Europe and the United States. In August 1867 Charles A and George Page, two brothers from Lee County, Illinois, USA established the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Cham. Their first British operation was opened at Chippenham, Wiltshire in 1873 and In September 1867, in Vevey, Henri Nestle developed a milk-based baby food and soon began marketing it. The following year, 1868 saw Daniel Peter begin seven years of work perfecting his invention, the milk chocolate manufacturing process; M. Nestle's was the crucial cooperation M. Peter needed to solve the problem of removing all the water from the milk added to his chocolate and thus preventing the product from developing mildew. Henri Nestle retired in 1875, but the company, under new ownership, retained his name as Farine Lactee Henri Nestle. In 1877 Anglo-Swiss added milk-based baby foods to its products, and in the following year the Nestle Company added condensed milk, so that the firms became direct and fierce rivals. In 1905 the companies merged to become the Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, retaining that name until 1947, when the name Nestle Alimentana SA was taken as a result of the acquisition of Fabrique de Produits Maggi SA (founded 1884) and its holding company, Alimentana SA of Kempttal, Switzerland. Maggi was a major manufacturer of soup mixes and related foodstuffs. The company’s current name was adopted in 1977. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. World War I created new demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts; by the end of the war, Nestle's production had more than doubled. After the war, government contracts dried up and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestle's management responded quickly, streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestle's first expansion into new products, with chocolate the company's second most important activity. Nestle felt the effects of World War II immediately. Profits dropped from US$20 million in 1938 to US$6 million in 1939. Factories were established in developing countries, particularly Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the company's newest product, Nescafe (â€Å"Nestle's Coffee†), which was a staple drink of the US military. Nestle's production and sales rose in the wartime economy. The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestle. Growth accelerated and companies were acquired. In 1947 came the merger with Maggi seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L’Oreal in 1974. In 1977, Nestle made its second venture outside the food industry by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc. In 1984, Nestle's improved bottom line allowed the company to launch a new round of acquisitions, notably American food giant Carnation and the British confectionery company Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, which brought the Willy Wonka Brand to Nestle. The first half of the 1990s proved to be favorable for Nestle: trade barriers crumbled and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996 there has been acquisitions including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Pet foods (1998), and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, both in 2002: in June, Nestle merged its U. S. ice cream business into Dreyer's, and in August a US$2. 6 billion acquisition was announced of Chef America, the creator of Hot Pockets. In the same time frame, Nestle came close to purchasing the iconic American company Hershey's, one of its fiercest confectionery competitors, though the deal fell through. Another recent purchase included the Jenny Craig weight loss program for US$600 million. In December of 2005, Nestle bought the Greek company Delta Ice Cream for â‚ ¬240 million. In January of 2006, it took full ownership of Dreyer's, thus becoming the world's biggest ice cream maker with a 17. 5% market share. In November of 2006, Nestle purchased the Medical Nutrition division of Novartis Pharmaceutical for $2. B, also acquiring in 2007 the milk flavoring product known as Oval tine. In April of 2007, returning to its roots, Nestle bought baby-food manufacturer Gerber for $5. 5 billion. In December of 2007, Nestle entered in a strategic partnership with a Belgian chocolate maker Pierre Marcolini. Nestle agreed to sell its controlling stake in Alcon to Novartis on 4 January, 2010. The sale was to form part of a broader US $39. 3 billion offer, by Novartis, for full acquisition of the world’s largest eye-care company 2. . 2 Mission Nestle strives to be a leader in nutrition, health and wellness, with the belief that  good food is central to health and wellness. At the Nestle Research Center, nutrition research meets food innovation to bring consumers of all ages and stages of life, foods and beverages that contribute to health and wellness, while offering remarkable taste and convenience 2. 3. 3 Vision At Nestle, we believe that research can help us make better food so that people live a better life. Good Food is the primary source of Good Health throughout life. We strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrition to meet physiological needs. In addition to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, Nestle products bring consumers the vital ingredients of taste and pleasure. As consumers continue to make choices regarding foods and beverages they consume, Nestle helps provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences. Research is a key part of our heritage at Nestle and an essential element of our future. We know there is still much to discover about health, wellness and the role of food in our lives, and we continue to search for answers to bring consumers Good Food for Good Life† 2. 3. 4 Business Principles The Nestle Corporate Business Principles are at the basis of our company’s culture, which has developed over the span of 140 years. Corporate Business Principles will continue to evolve and adapt to a changing world, our basic foundation is unchanged from the time of the origins of our Company, and reflects the basic ideas of fairness, honesty, and a general concern for people. Nestle is committed to the following Business Principles in all countries, taking into account local legislation, cultural and religious practices: 1. Nutrition, Health and Wellness :-Our core aim is to enhance the quality of consumers lives every day, everywhere by offering tastier and healthier food and beverage choices and encouraging a healthy lifestyle. We express this via our corporate proposition Good Food, Good Life. 2. Quality Assurance and product safety everywhere in the world, the Nestle name represents a promise to the consumer that the product is safe and of high standard. . Consumer Communication :-We are committed to responsible, reliable consumer communication that empowers consumers to exercise their right to informed choice and promotes healthier diets. We respect consumer privacy. 4. Human rights in our business activities :-We fully support the United Nations Global Compact’s (UNGC) guiding principles on human rights and labor and aim to provide an example of good human rights’ and labor practices throughout our business activities. 5. Leadership and personal responsibility:- Our success is based on our people. We treat each other with respect and dignity and expect everyone to promote a sense of personal responsibility. We recruit competent and motivated people who respect our values, provide equal opportunities for their development and advancement, protect their privacy and do not tolerate any form of harassment or discrimination. 6. Safety and health at work:- We are committed to preventing accidents, injuries and illness related to work, and to protect employees, contractors and others involved along the value chain. 7. Supplier and customer relations:- We require our suppliers, agents, subcontractors and their employees to demonstrate honesty, integrity and fairness, and to adhere to our non-negotiable standards. In the same way, we are committed towards our own customers. 8. Agriculture and rural development :-We contribute to improvements in agricultural production, the social and economic status of farmers, rural communities and in production systems to make them more environmentally sustainable. 9. Environmental sustainability :-We commit ourselves to environmentally sustainable business practices. At all stages of the product life cycle we strive to use natural resources efficiently, favor the use of sustainably-managed renewable resources, and target zero waste. 10. Water:-We are committed to the sustainable use of water and continuous improvement in water management. We recognize that the world faces a growing water challenge and that responsible management of the world’s resources by all water users is an absolute necessity. 2. 3. 5 Management Nestle has a Board of Directors, led by our Chairman Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, who was the former Nestle CEO. There are 14 members of the Board of Directors. The day to day management of the Nestle business is taken care by the Executive Board members. The 13 designated Board Members manage diverse parts of the global business. Nestle Group is managed by geographies (Zones Europe, Americas and Asia/Oceania/Africa) for most of the food and beverage  business, with the exceptions of Nestle Waters, Nestle Nutrition, Nestle Purina Pet care, Nespresso, Nestle Professional and Nestle Health Science which are managed on a global basis – these we call the Globally Managed Businesses. We also have joint ventures such as Cereal Partners Worldwide and Beverage Partners Worldwide. NAME| DESIGNATIONS| Paul Bulcke | Chief Executive Officer, Nestle S. A. Member of Nestle Board of Directors: Chairman's and Corporate Governance Committee | Werner J. Bauer | Executive Vice President Chief Technology Officer Head of Innovation, Technology, Research and Development | Frits van Dijk | Executive Vice President Zone Director for Asia, Oceania, Africa and Middle East | Jose Lopez| Executive Vice President operations| John J. Harris| Executive Vice President Chairman and CEO of Nestle Waters| James Singh | Executive Vice President Finance and Control, Legal, IP, Tax, Treasury, Global Nestle Business Services | Laurent Freixe | Executive Vice President Zone Director for Europe| Petraea Heynike | Executive Vice President Responsible for the Strategic Business Units, Marketing, Sales and Nespresso | Chris Johnson| Executive Vice President Zone Director for United States of America, Canada, Latin America, Caribbean | Marc Caira | Deputy Executive Vice President CEO of Nestle Professional | Jean-Marc Duvoisin | Deputy Executive Vice President Head of Human Resources and Centre Administration | Nandu Nandkishore | Deputy Executive Vice President Head of Nestle Nutrition | David P. Frick | Senior  Vice PresidentCorporate Governance, Compliance and Corporate Services | Committees : Committees : Committees : Committees : 2. 3. 4 Financials Items | Amounts| Revenue| CHF 109. 72 billion (2010)| Operating Income| CHF 16. 19 billion (2010)| Profit | CHF 34. 23 billion (2010)| Source:-www. nestle. com 2. 4 Nestle India 2. 4. 1 History of Nestle India Nestle is one of the oldest food MNC operating in India, with a presence of over a century. For a long time, Nestle India’s operations were restricted to importing and trading of condensed milk and infant food. Over the years, the Company expanded its product range with new products in instant coffee, noodles, sauces, pickles, culinary aids, chocolates and confectionery, dairy products and mineral water. Nestle’s relationship with India dates back to 1912, when it began trading as The Nestle Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (Export) Limited, importing and selling finished products in the Indian market. Nestle has been a partner in India's growth for over nine decades now and has built a very special relationship of trust and commitment with the people of India. The Company's activities in India have facilitated direct and indirect employment and provides livelihood to about one million people including farmers, suppliers of packaging materials, services and other goods. Nestle India Ltd, 51% subsidiary of Nestle SA of Switzerland, is among the leading branded food player in the country. It has a broad based presence in the foods sector with leading market shares in instant coffee, infant foods, milk products and noodles. It has also strengthened its presence in chocolates, confectioneries and other semi processed food products during the last few years. With seven factories and a large number of co-packers, Nestle India is a vibrant company that provides consumers in India with products of global standards and is committed to long-term sustainable growth and shareholder satisfaction. The Company insists on honesty, integrity and fairness in all aspects of its business and expects the same in its relationships. This has earned it the trust and respect of every strata of society that it comes in contact with and is acknowledged amongst India's ‘Most Respected Companies' and amongst the ‘Top Wealth Creators of India'. After nearly a century-old association with the country, today, Nestle India has presence across India with 7 manufacturing facilities and 4 branch offices spread across the region. Nestle India’s first production facility, set up in 1961 at Moga (Punjab), was followed soon after by its second plant, set up at Choladi (Tamil Nadu), in 1967. Consequently, Nestle India set up factories in Nanjangud (Karnataka), in 1989, and Samalkha (Haryana), in 1993. This was succeeded by the commissioning of two more factories – at Ponda and Bicholim, Goa, in 1995 and 1997 respectively. The seventh factory was set up at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, in 2006. The 4 branch offices in the country help facilitate the sales and marketing of its products. They are in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The Nestle India Head office is located in Gurgaon, Haryana. The Company continuously focuses its efforts to better understand the changing lifestyles of India and anticipate consumer needs in order to provide Taste, Nutrition, Health and Wellness through its product offerings. The culture of innovation and renovation within the Company and access to the Nestle Group's proprietary technology/Brands expertise and the extensive centralized Research and Development facilities gives it a distinct advantage in these efforts. It helps the Company to create value that can be sustained over the long term by offering consumers a wide variety of high quality, safe food products at affordable prices. Nestle India has products of truly international quality under internationally famous brand names such as NESCAFE, MAGGI, MILKYBAR, KIT KAT, BAR-ONE, MILKMAID and NESTEA and in recent years the Company has also introduced products of daily consumption and use such as NESTLE Milk, NESTLE SLIM Milk, NESTLE Fresh ‘n' Natural Dahi and NESTLE Jeera Raita. Nestle India is a responsible organization and facilitates initiatives that help to improve the quality of life in the communities where it operates. 2. 4. 2 Management NAME| DESIGNATIONS| Antonio Helio Waszyk| Chairman and Managing DirectorMember of the the Shareholder / Investor Grievance Committee| Shobinder Duggal| Director   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Finance & Control| Christian Schmid| Director – Technical| Michael W. O. Garrett| Non Executive DirectorMember of the Audit Committee| Dr. Rakesh Mohan| Non Executive Director| Ravinder Narain| Non Executive DirectorMember of the Audit CommitteeChairman of the Shareholder / Investor Grievance Committee| Dr. Swati A. Piramal| Non-Executive Director| Richard Sykes| Alternate Director to Mr. Michael W. O GarrettGeneral Counsel of Asia, Oceania ,Africa, Middle East Region| 2. 4. 3 Financials Items| Amounts | Revenue| 590102 lakhs (2009-2010)| Net income| 81866 lakhs(2009-2010)| Source:-www. nestle. in/financial statements CHAPTER – THREE 3. 1 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND International marketing (IM) refers to marketing carried out by companies overseas or across national borderlines. This strategy uses an extension of the techniques used in the home country of a firm. It refers to the firm-level marketing practices across the border including market identification and targeting, entry mode selection, marketing mix, and strategic decisions to compete in international markets. International marketing is more concerned with micro level of the market and uses the company as a unit of analysis. According to the American Marketing Association (AMA) â€Å"international marketing is the multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. † Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing strategies serve as the fundamental underpinning of marketing plans designed to fill market needs and reach marketing objective. Marketing strategy involves careful scanning of the internal and external environments which are summarized in a SWOT analysis . Internal environmental factors include the marketing mix, plus performance analysis and strategic constraints External environmental factors include customer analysis, competitor analysis, target market analysis, as well as evaluation of any elements of the technological, economic, cultural or political/legal environment likely to impact success. A key component of marketing strategy is often to keep marketing in line with a company's overarching mission statement. Combination of marketing elements used in the sale of a particular product. The marketing elements center around four distinct functions, sometimes called the Four Ps: Product, Price, Place (of distribution), and Promotion. All these functions are considered in planning a marketing strategy, and any one may be enhanced, deducted, or changed in some degree in order to create the strategy necessary to efficiently and effectively sell a product. The term marketing mix refers to the four major areas of decision making in the marketing process that are blended to obtain the results desired by the organization. The four elements of the marketing mix are sometimes referred to the four Ps of marketing. The marketing mix shapes the role of marketing within all types of organizations, both profit and nonprofit. Each element in the marketing mix, product, price, promotion, and place consists of numerous sub elements. Marketing managers make numerous decisions based on the various sub elements of the marketing mix, all in an attempt to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. FIGURE 1. 3 3. 2 Product The first element in the marketing mix is the product. A product is any combination of goods and services offered to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Thus, a product is anything tangible or intangible that can be offered for purchase or use by consumers. A tangible product is one that consumers can actually touch, such as a computer. An intangible product is a service that cannot be touched, such as computer repair, income tax preparation, or an office call. Other examples of products also include places and ideas The strategies involved in the product mix includes:- 3. 2. 1 Product strategies in international market Although products in the international industrial market are more homogeneous than consumer products, there are more product variations internationally than domestically due to the greater number of international economic, cultural, and political/legal variables. 3. 3 Market segmentation Is a Process of defining and sub-dividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment. Few firms are big enough to supply the needs of an entire market. The four basic market segmentation-strategies are based on (a) behavioural (b) demographic, (c) psychographic, and (d) geographical differences. 3. 3. 1 Market Segmentation Strategies. * Behavioural Segmentation: Behavioural segmentation is based on the customer's needs and subsequent reaction to those needs or toward the purchase of intended products and/or services. This study is conducted on all variables that are closely related to the product itself, like loyalty to a particular brand, cost effectiveness in terms of benefits and usage, circumstances responsible for the purchase, whether the customer is a regular, a first timer or and has the potential to become a customer, and whether the readiness to buy is linked to status. * Demographic Segmentation: Demographic segmentation refers to a wide study of the potential customers. While marketing a product many variables like age, gender, education, income, size of the family, occupation, socioeconomic status, culture and religion, language and nationality are taken into account. There are many instances where such a segmentation has worked very profitably, toys and clothes for every age group, certain food products that do well in certain counties and don't in some, either due to cultural or religious reasons. Demographic segmentation plays a vital role in determining whether a product can be mass marketed * Psychographic Segmentation: Segmenting people according to their lifestyles and values, and how they translate into consumption or purchases of products of services is what psychographic segmentation is all about. How one's interest, opinions, values, attitude and the activities they perform, all affects how and why a group of people would lean towards one product more than others. A high status would translate into an expensive flying habit, while a thrift value will translate into an economy flight. * Geographical Segmentation: Geographical segmentation is done by dividing people (markets) into different geographical locations. The country, state, or neighbourhood, the king of gentry, climate, and size of a place segmented into size of its age wise population, etc. all play a role in devising market strategies. This helps the producer and the marketers to understand what will sell and what won't, For example, a market for winter wear would definitely not work in warm regions. 3. 3. 2 International market segmentation Segmentation, in marketing, is usually done at the customer level. However, in international marketing, it may sometimes be useful to see countries as segments. This allows the decision maker to focus on common aspects of countries and avoid information overload. 3. 4 Positioning In marketing, positioning has come to mean the process by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand, or organization. Although there are different definitions of Positioning, probably the most common is: identifying a market niche for a brand, product or service utilizing traditional marketing placement strategies (i. e. price, promotion, distribution, packaging, and competition). Also positioning is defined as the way by which the marketers creates impression in the customers mind. 3. 5 Targeting Targeting is the next step in the sequential process and involves a business making choices about segment on which resources are to be focused. There are three major targeting strategies: undifferentiated, concentrated, and differentiated. During this process the business must balance its resources and capabilities against the attractiveness of different segments. Target Marketing involves breaking a market into segments and then concentrating the marketing efforts on one or a few key segments. Target marketing can be the key to a business’s success. 3. 6 Product standardization Product standardization means that a product originally designed for a local market is exported to other countries with virtually no change, except perhaps for translation of words and other changes. It is an efficient method to reduce costs and increase quality. By minimizing the differences in your products, you are able to rapidly increase production, streamline distribution, decrease raw material costs and reinforce product branding. The best product standardization strategies allow you to balance the need for targeted adaptation with the cost savings of standardization. 3. 6. 1Benefits of product standardization in international marketing * Projecting a global product image. * Catering to customers globally . * Cost savings in terms of economies of scale in production. * Designing and monitoring various components of marketing mix economically 3. 7 Packaging strategy An important part of the product decision making process surrounds the packaging of the product. An effective packaging strategy can contribute to the firm’s competitive advantage. Some points to consider when developing a packaging strategy include 1. Make sure the packaging is unique. 2. Make sure it performs the function required. 3. Make sure packaging promotes your product and brand. 4. Make sure packaging is identifiable and reinforces the brand. Although not a separate part of the marketing mix, having a good packaging strategy is an essential part of the marketing strategy of a firm. A good strategy will comprise of the packaging being unique, functional, promotes the brand, reinforces the brand and is easily identifiable by the consumer. 3. 8 Product adaptation Marketing strategy whereby new products are based on modification or some improvement on existing or competing products, and not on pioneering innovations. It is the strategy of a follower. The need to develop an adaptation strategy can lead to changes in pricing, delivery and packaging 3. 8. 1 Benefits of product adaptation in international markets * Enable a firm to tap markets which are not accessible due to mandatory requirements * Helps in gaining a market share * Increase sales leading to economies of scale 3. 9 PRICE The second element in marketing mix is price. Price is simply the amount of money that consumers are willing to pay for a product or service. In earlier times, the price was determined through a barter process between sellers and purchasers. In modern time Pricing new products and pricing existing products require the use of different strategies. For example, when pricing a new product, businesses can use either market-penetration pricing or a price-skimming strategy. A market-penetration pricing strategy involves establishing a low product price to attract a large number of customers. By contrast, a price-skimming strategy is used when a high price is established in order to recover the Cost of a new product development as quickly as possible. 3. 9. 1 Pricing strategy in international marketing Although pricing practices appear to be no different internationally than nationally, in some respects there is wide divergence. These differences occur in the areas of transfer pricing, dumping, and governmental influence over price. 3. 9. 2Transfer Pricing Transfer prices are the prices placed on products as they are transferred between units belonging to the same company. Transfer prices can be used to mitigate the effects of government regulation. 3. 9. 3 Dumping. Dumping is disposing of goods in a foreign country at less than their full cost. Goods will sometimes be exported at prices that only cover direct costs to dispose of excess inventories. Companies sell their excess inventories overseas to avoid disturbing their own national markets (e. g. , reducing prices or causing price wars at home. ) There are five price-adjustment strategies: * Discount pricing and allowances include cash discounts, functional discounts, seasonal discounts, trade-in allowances, and promotional allowances. * Discriminatory pricing occurs when companies sell products or services at two or more prices. These price differences may be based on variables such as age of the customer, location of sale, organization membership, time of day, or season. * Geographical pricing is based on the location of the customers. Products may be priced differently in distinct regions of a target area because of demand differences. * Promotional pricing happens when a company temporarily prices products below the list price or below cost. Products priced below cost are sometimes called loss leaders. The goal of promotional pricing is to increase short-term sales. * Psychological pricing considers prices by looking at the psychological aspects of price. For example, consumers frequently perceive a relationship between product price and product quality. 3. 10 PROMOTION Promotion is the third element in the marketing mix. Promotion is a communication Process that takes place between a business and its various public. Public are those individuals and organizations that have an interest in what the business produces and offers for sale. Thus, in order to be effective, businesses need to plan promotional activities with the communication process in mind. There are four basic promotion tools: Advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and personal selling. Each promotion tool has its own unique characteristics and function. 3. 10. 1Promotional strategy in international marketing In the international industrial market, the primary element of the promotional mix is personal selling, for only through personal selling can the coordination so essential to the industrial buyer-seller interface be effectively achieved. Sales promotion in the form of trade fairs is playing an increasingly important role in international marketing because so many prospects can be contacted in one place and because they enable quick comparisons of products. Direct mail is also becoming popular, although mailing lists are usually difficult to obtain. The use of publicity, although growing in popularity, is limited due to language difficulties and media coverage. Advertising is given little attention in the international industrial market, perhaps because of the difficulties in determining media coverage and numerous, widely varying, governmental regulations. 3. 10. 2 Advertising It is described as paid, non personal communication by an organization by using various media to reach its various publics. The purpose of advertising is to inform or persuade a targeted audience to purchase a product or service, visit a location, or adopt an idea. Advantages of advertising include the ability to reach a large group or audience at a relatively low cost per individual contacted. Further, advertising allows organizations to control the message, which means the message can be adapted to either a mass or a specific target audience. Disadvantages of advertising include difficulty in measuring results and the inability to close sales because there is no personal contact between the organization and consumers. 3. 10. 2. 1 Advertising media There is a huge variety of media available through which a business can conduct an advertising campaign. * Advertising media includes * Newspapers * Magazines * Internet * Television * Radio * Cinema * Posters * Billboards 3. 10. 2. 2 Advertising appeals There are various appeals in advertising which aims aim to influence the way consumers view themselves and how buying certain products can prove to be beneficial for them. The most important types of advertising appeals include emotional and rational appeals. Emotional appeals are often effective for the youth while rational appeals work well for products directed towards the older generation. * Emotional Appeal An emotional appeal is related to an individual’s psychological and social needs for purchasing certain products and services. Many consumers are emotionally motivated or driven to make certain purchases. Advertisers aim to cash in on the emotional appeal and this works particularly well where there is not much difference between multiple product brands and its offerings. Emotional appeal includes personal and social aspects. * Fear Appeal Fear is also an important factor that can have incredible influence on individuals. Fear is often used to good effect in advertising and marketing campaigns of beauty and health products including insurance. Advertising experts indicate that using moderate levels of fear in advertising can prove to be effective. * Rational appeal Rational appeals as the name suggests aims to focus on the individual’s functional, utilitarian or practical needs for particular products and services. Such appeals emphasize the characteristics and features of the product and the service and how it would be beneficial to own or use the particular brand. Print media is particularly well suited for rational appeals and is often used with good success. It is also suited for business to business advertisers and for products that are complex and that need high degree of attention and involvement. * Endorsement appeal Celebrities and well known personalities often endorse certain products and their pitching can help drive the sales. 3. 10. 3Sales promotion The second promotional tool is sales promotion. Sales promotions are short-term incentives used to encourage consumers to purchase a product or service. There are three basic categories of sales promotion: consumer, trade, and business. Consumer promotion tools include such items as free samples, coupons, rebates, price packs, premiums, patronage rewards, point-of-purchase coupons, contests, sweepstakes, and games. Trade-promotion tools include discounts and allowances directed at wholesalers and retailers. Business-promotion tools include conventions and trade shows. Sales promotion has several advantages over other promotional tools in that it can produce a more immediate consumer response, attract more attention and create product awareness, measure the results, and increase short-term sales. 3. 10. 3. 1 Sales promotion in international marketing Sales promotion refers to any consumer or trade program of limited duration that adds tangible value to a product or brand. Sales promotion techniques in the international market consist of the following: promotional pricing tactics, contests, sweepstakes and games, premium and specialties, dealer loaders, merchandising materials, tie-ins and cross promotions, packaging, trade shows 3. 10. 4 Public relation Public relation is the third promotional tool. An organization builds positive public relation with various groups by obtaining favourable publicity, establishing a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavourable rumours, stories, and events. Organizations have at their disposal a variety of tools, such as press releases, product Publicity, Official communications, lobbying, and counselling to develop image. Public relations tools are effective in developing a positive attitude toward the organization and enhance the credibility of a product. Public relations activities have the drawback that May not provide an accurate measure of their influence on sales. 3. 0. 4. 1 Public relation in international marketing A company’s public relations (PR) effort should-foster goodwill and understanding among constituents both inside and outside the company. The basic tools of PR include news releases, newsletters, press conferences, tours of plants and ether company faciliti es, articles in trade or professional journals, company publications and brochures, TV a Similar essay: Reed Supermarkets: a New Wave of Competitors