Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Financial Federalism in Nigeria Essay The topic of a satisfactory recipe for income sharing among the part levels of the Nigerian country is one of the most extended and disputable discussions in the political and macroeconomic administration of the economy. This discussion has its establishments in the history and advancement of the Nigerian league. â€Å"Revenue portion or the legal dispersion of income from the Federation Account among the various degrees of government has been one of the most antagonistic and disputable issues in the nation’s political life. So disagreeable has the issue been that none of the formulae advanced at different occasions by a commission or by pronouncement under various systems since 1964 has increased general adequacy among the part units of the nation. To be sure, the issue, similar to a common decimal, has horrendously remained the principal issue that almost every approaching system has needed to think about since autonomy. All the while, upwards of thirteen distinct endeavors have been made in formulating an adequate income distribution recipe, every one of which is more associated with the contentions it created than issues settled† Financial federalism alludes to the degree and structure of the levels of government duties and capacities just as the distribution of assets among the levels of government. Maybe the most significant issue of financial federalism is the income allotment equation, the sharing of national income among the different levels of government (vertical income sharing) just as the appropriation of income among the state governments (that is, even income distribution). The centralization of Nigeria’s monetary federalism started with the report of the Dina Commission (1968) which contended that a fitting income designation framework should bring about a progressively impartial conveyance of income among the states to accomplish a reasonable improvement of the alliance. Income distribution can be portrayed as a method(s) of sharing the halfway created income among the various levels of government and how the sum allotted to a specific level is shared among its parts. Nigeria is an administrative state †under the bureaucratic arrangement of government, alliance or midway produced income is shared among the three degrees of government, specifically; the central government, the states and the neighborhood governments. The hypothesis of income partaking in an administrative state is that each degree of government gets an assignment of money related assets custom-made to their particular necessities as characterized by the command of authoritative capability, their real circumstance and the legal lists of computation. In Nigeria, choices with regards to what extent of halfway produced income that would be held by the national government, the extent that will be shared among the state governments and the extent that will go to the nearby government has consistently been an issue, because of the way that there is no agreement concerning what could be viewed as a perfect recipe. The rules that control the usage of intergovernmental financial relations include: (a) The Principle of Diversity: The bureaucratic framework must be able to oblige a huge assortment of decent varieties. Subsequently, the financial framework must give extension to assortment and contrasts to flexibly national, local and neighborhood open products. (b) The Principle of Equivalence: Based on the topographical occurrence of various open products, allocative proficiency requires the balance of locational favorable circumstances emerging from between jurisdictional contrasts with a blend of assessments and open merchandise and enterprises. This requires the utilization of financial instruments for accomplishing macroeconomic destinations of development, adjustment and full work by occupants of various geopolitical units; this prerequisite controls for what is frequently alluded to as â€Å"central city misuse thesis†. (d) Minimum Provision of Essential Goods and Services: This guarantees financial federalism ensures all residents, independent of where they dwell, the base arrangement of ertain fundamental open products and ventures. (e) Principle of Fiscal Equalization: In request to guarantee a base degree of open products and ventures same level of financial balance is required. This is because of contrasts in asset gift. (f) The Efficiency Principle: This rule suggests that effectiveness must be applied in the distribution of assets (g) The Principle of Derivation: The part units of a framework ought to have the option to control its very own portion assets as they want. h) The Principle of Locational Neutrality: Interregional financial contrasts will in general impact area selections of people and firms. Along these lines, strategy should concentrate on limiting mutilations because of some impedance. Thus, differential expenses which make locational twists ought to be maintained a strategic distance from as much as practicable. (I) The Principle of Centralized Redistribution: This standard expresses that the redistribution capacity of monetary approach through dynamic tax assessment and consumption projects ought to be unified at the government level. That is, if the redistributive capacity is decentralized, it can bring about contortions in area choices. It ought to be noticed that the above standards are not commonly reliable. There are a few difficulties and battling issues standing up to intergovernmental financial relations in Nigeria: 1) Non †Correspondence Problem Ideally, each degree of government ought to be given sufficient assets to permit it release its obligations. Since this is beyond the realm of imagination, there is generally an absence of correspondence between the spending duties and the duty powers/income sources alloted to various degrees of government. It is this incongruence that is regularly alluded to as the non-correspondence issue. In Nigeria, a large portion of the significant wellsprings of income go under the ward of the central government yet lower levels of government should produce inner income. There is, thusly, the need to determine the lopsidedness between alloted capacities and assessment powers. The issues concerning monetary relations among the constituent units of the Nigerian league that remain generally uncertain are the dissimilarity between doled out capacities and expense powers, guideline of flat and vertical income portion, reliance of states and nearby governments on administrative wellsprings of financing, inclination towards focus and bureaucratic nearness in the states (Fadahunsi, 1998). The five standards as of now applied in the even income portion recipe are a long way from adequate to all the partners. 2) Fiscal Autonomy and Independence The issue of relative monetary self-rule and autonomy of the state and nearby governments in a genuine administrative structure goes with the conclusion issue of the correspondence of legislative capacities and income sources. Since the production of the twelve-state structure in 1967, states and neighborhood governments have been exorbitantly subject to the Federation Account. This autonomy must be decreased if the combining units are to be allowed to seek after their own improvement objectives without being hampered by the capricious vacillations in their portions of the Federation Account. It is significant that income sources ought to be reallocated and made perfect with the variances expressed for every level of government to upgrade consistent and appropriate subsidizing of authoritative and formative exercises rather than the regularly experienced startling money related choking influences at the two lower levels of government. 3) Oil Producing States, Oil Producing Local Government Administrative Areas or Communities Professor Omo Omoruyi in his treatise â€Å"the Politics of Oil: who possesses the oil, Nigeria, states or communities† (2000) brought up three remarkable issues on evident responsibility for in Nigeria. The subject of nearby authority over neighborhood assets is a set up protected guideline in government frameworks. Be that as it may, the manner in which the Nigerian government framework created under the outer provincial request (1954-60) and proceeded under the time of geo-ethno-military inside frontier request (1960-1999) and in the law based agreement between 1999 to date is yet an uncertain battling issues in the talk about Nigeria’s federalism. He tested the â€Å"Tripod† way to deal with Nigeria’s issue where the three significant ethnic nationalities choose the substance and the pattern of national issues. This tripod way to deal with Nigerian legislative issues, ought to have been discarded at this point, with the presentation of the thought of ‘federal character’, which accepts states in the alliance as the units of portrayal. The tripod way to deal with Nigerian legislative issues applies to how the oil, which originates from the non-lion's share territories, is drawn nearer in the political and monetary talk. We ought to likewise know about the inclination among the greater part ethnic nationalities that the territories delivering oil by temperance of frailty in the military and governmental issues ought not be permitted to make a case for the oil from their zones as of right†. Be that as it may, theres a differentiation between oil delivering networks and oil creating states. This is the premise of the exercises of the Traditional Rulers of the Producing Communities who are managing the President and need the cash because of states based on the 13% determination in the Constitution ought to be paid to the â€Å"oil delivering networks/nearby government areas†. The Traditional Rulers’ contention is that â€Å"communities† own oil and not â€Å"states†. This is an uncertain issue and isolates the networks in riverside territories legitimately influenced by oil spillages from their countrymen in landed zones from getting a charge out of the full advantages of portions to delivering states. One doesn't have the foggiest idea about the finish of this contention. In what manner should the Natio

Using Student Essay Papers to Create Profound Writing

Using Student Essay Papers to Create Profound WritingThere are lots of resources that have been proven to help you prepare for your writing samples essays. Now, if you are among those who are suffering from an overloaded brain, then you will have difficulty in making out how you can get proper instructions on what should be done.The best way is to first go through and analyse your level of knowledge, and then find the right degree of difficulty on how to tackle the different materials. For you to be able to assess your knowledge, you can go through an easy structured structure that has been helpful in answering all sorts of educational questions. Apart from that, you can also make use of detailed quizzes or even list tests. All these pieces of test-taking work has been effective in assessing your own ability.The popularity of using written samples in our courses and degrees is based on the various factors that play into our attainment. Writing samples are very helpful in teaching us writing and also helping us learn the English language in a comprehensive manner. To make sure that the process of studying is taken easy, you should be able to take advantage of samples.First, you should make use of samples in your essays. Sample essays can be of different types - sample essays, samples of articles, and samples of research reports. The type of work that you should focus on in your essay is the details. Hence, try to provide your readers with everything that you want to include, and do not feel that you are covering things that are not important or essential.Do not always stick to detail, and use your imagination to throw in some unnecessary information. When you are happy with your work, then do not hesitate to make use of the next step in writing samples - analyzing your work.While analyzing your essay, you should take into consideration your topic, point of view, and then general points. It is not necessary to review what you have just written, but just to make c ertain that you get it right and, ideally, what your intended audience would want. Although it is not necessary to give the entire background of your subject, it is good to explain what your ideas are about and what their relevance is to the present and future. Remember that you are here to write samples, not to dwell on your own point of view, so be brief and to the point.Do not try to come up with more than one sample essay. Just write a piece, and then use the second one as a sample. You do not need to create several sample pieces; just one. This may look like a lot of work, but it will save you time and effort.

Church s Stance On Homosexuality - 1687 Words

As people continue to evolve, the world strives to accommodate to their ever-changing interest. The businesses and establishments that do adapt continue to be every day components of human lives. However, well known establishments such as the church have struggled to evolve with modern times, resulting in a decline in members. Controversies such as the church’s stance on homosexuality, abortion, and the role of women have plagued the church for centuries, and continue to today. These reasons among several others are the distinguishing factor in lack of millennial interest in the church. According to the bible and those who directly follow its teachings, homosexuality is most certainly a sin. The creation story from a†¦show more content†¦So, that person requires the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ just like everybody else, and if that person is a practicing homosexual, they are constantly living in sin, constantly unworthy, and by the very nature of their life th ey are disobeying God and preventing themselves from entering Heaven, except by way of God’s mercy and forgiveness. That is a whole lot of handle for someone who is born with a natural affinity for the same sex: their very nature is eternally unclean and sinful and if they continue to live the way the do they will never be able to achieve eternal life with God. You think this concept may prevent some homosexuals from joining the church? It is estimated that roughly 3.3% of today’s US population identifies as homosexual, with another 4% identifying as bisexual. That adds up to roughly 7% of today’s population in the United States who would never consider attending church or becoming a believer in Jesus Christ because it isShow MoreRelatedA New Era For Catholicism?1324 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Catholic Church since Argentina’s Bishop, Father Francis, became the new Pope. This renewal appears evident when listening to the Pope’s speech on homosexuali ty. Many of the world’s approximately one billion Catholics were shocked that he is taking a liberal stance in the Church and opening the Catholic community to these supposed sinners. However, it is important to consider why people still view Pope Francis as an open-minded Pope, especially since he has shown similar stances as his predecessorsRead MorePastoral Conversation Of A Confessional Nature1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthe church so that a member could lead worship while sitting and without having to navigate the stairs to the lectern. 5) Will you regard all pastoral conversation of a confessional nature as a trust between the person concerned and God? Yes I will, unless they are an imminent threat to themselves or another person. I am up front about that caveat before I have any conversation with someone seeking counsel. 6) Provide evidence of experience in peace and justice ministries. Our church hostsRead MoreHomosexuality From The Church s Point Of View1475 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is defined as â€Å"sexual desire or behavior directed towards a person or persons of one’s own sex† by dictionary.com. Although there are many people who don’t support equal rights for homosexuals, and many that do, the church’s stance, though, seems to be split as well with many conflicting views. The paper will address homosexuality from the Church’s point of view going through both sides of the argument. An even more generous, intelligent and prudent pastoral commitment, modeledRead MoreWhat Makes Russia so Homophobic?1756 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Makes Russia so Homophobic? By Emma Witkin Homophobia is the fear or hatred of homosexuals and homosexuality and is a trait that, according to Olga Khazan, over half of Russian citizens possess. It can be expressed in many different negative ways but it almost always results in harm to LGBT people. Homophobia has become a huge issue in Russia and in 2013 there were 25 hate crimes 2 of which resulted in murder (Spotlight on Russian Homophobia on Eve of Sochi Olympics). Homophobia in Russia hasRead MoreHistory Of The Mennonite Religion Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mennonites are a very simple religion that started off after the Roman church. They believe that life is to be lived simple, but not as much as the Amish. Mennonites are a branch off of the amish. This paper will be going through the history of the Mennonite religion. Beginning with who founded the Mennonite faith and where it was started. Following with their actual beliefs and who they follow. Ending with the stance of the Mennonite religion on the environment . Starting with a brief historyRead MoreEssay about Gender Issues in Religion1633 Words   |  7 Pagesbe priests, despite the fact that there are many examples in the Bible of Jesus telling people through parables and other means that everyone is equal. Some Catholics just accept the fact that women cannot be priests in the Catholic Church, as this is the Popes orders and he is infallible. Nobody seems to dispute that the Pope must be male, firstly because Pope means father and maybe because they know that the idea of a woman becoming Pope is just too unlikely. HoweverRead MoreEssay on Homosexuality and the Anglican Church1984 Words   |  8 PagesIn recent years, the issue of homosexuality has been a controversial and frequently discussed topic within the Anglican tradition. The Lambeth conference is an assembly of bishops of the Anglican Communion and is convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The conference allows for a collaborative and consultation function which allows for relevant issues to be discussed within the communion (â€Å"Lambeth Conferences†). The argument over homosexuality was discussed predominately as a communion wide issueRead MoreA Visitation Of Spirits By Randall Kenan1341 Words   |  6 Pagesreceived numerous awards. (RandallKenan.com) Randall Kenan is a talented African-American author of the present era who writes about the human condition. He not only writes about what it is like to be a black man in the south, but he throws in homosexuality into the bible belt. Kenan repeatedly pits homosexual characters against an oppressive, closed minded community that is against new views of acceptance and equality of the times. With these themes of racial and sexual identity, forgiveness andRead MoreI Am Not My Sexuality2343 Words   |  10 PagesI Am Not My Sexuality: Annotated Bibliography and Outline Unit 5 Course 5334 Annotated Bibliography Aldrich, R. (2004). Homosexuality and the city: an historical overview. Urban Studies, 41(9), 1719-1737. Aldrich gives a historical overview of the history of homosexuality. He goes back to the Roman times and discusses Sodom and Gomorrah and continues to the present day. He makes mention of how homosexuals left various cities to escape the traditional life constraints and went to other citiesRead MoreHomosexuality in Religion1795 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Homosexuality in Christianity† Comparable to racism and sexism, homophobia is another type of discrimination that will, unfortunately, most likely always exist throughout this generation. Religion and The idea of homosexuality tends to be offensive to many religiously people, especially Christians. One of the â€Å"Golden Rules† stated in the Bible is to treat others how you would like to be treated, yet homosexuals are mistreated by many Christians all the time. The issue of homosexuality in Christianity

Evaluating Effectiveness And Efficiency Paper - 1644 Words

Evaluating Effectiveness and Efficiency Paper Implementation Process The new intervention that I would like to implement at Huther Doyle is meditation. Using meditation and mindfulness will help patients be able to center themselves and provide a time for centering in their hectic lives. Normal group sessions are two hours long. When implementing meditation the same length of group time will be necessary for billing purposes. The two hour session will be distributed with the first 30 minutes consisting of meditation and the last hour and a half consisting of discussion. The meditation will be led by the primary group counselor or myself. The goal of meditation is to reduce chemical and substance use and abuse by the patients of Huther Doyle. I would like this intervention to be introduced into the Phase II group one session a week until they are comfortable with the meditation. The Phase II group is healthier than the Phase I group and may be more open to trying meditation. Eventually each group session would be conducted using meditation. I would also like to try the intervention in the Phase I group. Though Phase I is not as healthy as Phase II, I believe that they may be able to benefit from the meditation. Their lives are very chaotic and most of the women use the group to express their daily struggles and frustrations. Meditation would give them a chance to redirect their energy and focus it on a more positive topic. Meditation has not been introduced asShow MoreRelatedEvaluating Effectiveness And Efficiency Paper1655 Words   |  7 Pages Evaluating Effectiveness and Efficiency Paper Madison Yohe Roberts Wesleyan College Evaluating Effectiveness and Efficiency Paper Implementation Process The new intervention that I would like to implement at Huther Doyle is meditation. Using meditation and mindfulness will help patients be able to center themselves and provide a time for centering in their hectic lives. Normal group sessions are two hours long. 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Moreover, formative assessment is used collaboratively by both teachers and learners to enhance learning; adjust teaching and learning activities; and provideRead MoreOperational Audit1064 Words   |  5 PagesNATURE OF OPERATIONAL AUDIT †¢ Also known as management audits and performance audits. †¢ Conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and/or efficiency of operations. †¢ Examinations of all or part of an entity to determine the degree of its operational efficiency, effectiveness and economy. †¢ Also refers to the auditor’s study of business operations for the purpose of making recommendations about economic and efficient use of resource, effective achievement of business objectivesRead MoreAre National Audit Office â€Å"Value for Money† Audits Themselves Value for Money?1276 Words   |  6 Pageswith the review of the three E’s (Lecture 2, AC340 Lent Term, Liisa Kurunmakii): †¢ Economy – providing the intended service at the lowest cost possible, with regards to maintaining the quality of service †¢ Efficiency – gaining the maximum output from a given level of inputs †¢ Effectiveness – the extent to which these public bodies achieve their policy objectives With this in mind, it is clear that in order for a â€Å"value for money† audit (henceforth denoted as VFM audit) to provide value for moneyRead MoreThe Importance Of Private Open Associations West African Ports1446 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch on DEA models that a bunches of specialists have grown, for example, BCC show (Banker,Charnes,Cooper,[17],FDH model[21], SBM model[22],EBM display [23], RBM demonstrate [24] and NEBM[25].As showed in [26], Wellsprings of wastefulness and efficiencies, positioning of DMUs, assessment of the adequacy of program or strategies, administrations assessment, making a quantitative reason for reallocating assets, and so on, these can be recognized by the utilization of DEA. DEA has increased significantRead MoreEvaluating the Consultation and Education Department Research Paper1305 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluating the Consultation and Education Department Research Paper Heather Sanchez University of Phoenix June 17, 2011 The Greenby Mental Health Center funding has been cut back. The cut back in funding has caused the organization to look at possibly doing away with their consultation and education department. This paper will describe at least one process evaluation measure and at least one outcome evaluation measure that could be suggested for the Consultation and Education Department atRead MoreEssay about Program Evaluation and Its Usefulness845 Words   |  4 PagesKaissi Program Evaluation Program evaluation is a tool used for evaluating and assessing a program in place. This paper will describe program evaluation and how it can be useful for an organization wishing to determine the efficiency, effectiveness, and the impact of a program. 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This paper seeks to support the authors’ views that effective program evaluation is important to provide an analysis about program performance to improve outcomes in the planning process. I am in agreement with the authors communicating that there should be more focus put on the benefits of evaluating training programs and in understanding why it is an important factor in the trainingRead MoreBusiness Risk vs Audit Risk1109 Words   |  5 PagesERM is a structured and coordinated entit y-wide governance approach to identify, quantify, respond to, and monitor the consequences of potential events. When implemented by management, ERM is generally evaluated by internal auditors for effectiveness and efficiency. * Business risk is fundamentally the risk of an organization not achieving its objectives. A formal ERM program both enables the management of business risk and provides assurance to management and the board that risk is given due

Salvador Dali- the Persistence of Memory free essay sample

Dali lived in the shadow of his brother all of his life. When he was five he was taken to his brothers grave and told by his parents that he was his brothers reincarnation, a concept which Dali came to believe. Dali said, We resembled each other like two drops of water, but we had different reflections. â€Å"He was probably a first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute. Images of Dali’s long-dead brother would reappear embedded in numerous of Dali’s later art works and this event really impacted the artist he became. Dali’s first step towards art began when he joined the San Fernando Academy of Fine Art in Madrid. It is here that his passion of art started. At the age of 21 years, Dali’s talent took an boots of confident when he presented his first one-man show in Barcelona. This inspired him so much that it led to him being a recognised as an international artist. We will write a custom essay sample on Salvador Dali- the Persistence of Memory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three years later, he attended the annual Carnegie International Exhibition in Pittsburgh and presented amazing detailed pieces of art. Following this was another one-man show in the year 1929. Dali had been leaving his artistic life as an impressionist all along this period. However, after the 1929 Paris exhibition, he transformed his life into surrealist. As a surrealist, Dali was working with people of distinguished experience. This included artist Dadaist Andre Breton, who was the surrealism artist leader at that time. Dali was becoming perfect and very detailed in every single one of his masterpieces, through persistence, hard work and his extraordinary talent, Dali became the surrealism artist leader from then on. In 1931 Dali painted probably the most well-known surrealist art works known to man The Persistence of Memory. In this painting we are in front of a surrealistic landscape. It appears to be beach at dusk. The first central item is a strange figure; a soft head with an enormous nose a crease where you would assume would be an eye. This figure lacks a mouth; Its neck is lost in the dark as it rests lazily slept over the dark sand. We see this figure with its eye closed, with enormous eyelashes this object is left to the viewer to assume what this object is. The second central item is clocks/pocket watches that have appeared to be melted over different objects leaving a sense of lost time to the painting. The first clock/pocket watch is found drooping over the strange figure being consumed by the darkness. The other two clocks: The one that is smaller is closed and has a swarm of ants crowds together on the lid of the watch; the other enormous clock is blue and soft looking that is again melted drooping over an object in this case it is a block that would be assumed to be a table. This watch has a single fly on the face of the watch; the clock looks like it is slipping off the edge of the table. A broken tree is brought into the painting; this tree with a single branch without leaves on it sits the third clock. To the left on which it seems a rectangular wooden table although it sits on the sand incomplete. The third central item we see is an ocean bay illuminated strongly by the yellow and blue sky below this is a rocky cliff that slowly graduates down into a glass like reflective clear ocean water. A small stone in the right hand top corner projects its shade on the sand of the beach this stone is left the sea confused with the sandy desert and the reflections in the water. There is another stone in the top right hand corner just below the incomplete table that gives even more depth and shadowing to the image. The clocks are the most prominent design In Dali’s art work the persistence of memory; the drooping pocket watches possibly suggest the irrelevance of time during sleep. In other words, when we are asleep, or not conscious it is like time does not continue, only memories do and feelings do. This distortion of time can be easily seen by just about anyone who attempts to think about their own dreams and thoughts. The Persistence of Memory may have many interpretations. Some are more meaningful, others remain mysterious. Perhaps the images of the melting clocks are nothing more than ideas influenced by the Camembert cheese left for too long of a period of time on the table on a warm sunny day (as Dali had previously described his inspiration for this painting). But Dali would often make up ridiculous explanations for his paintings to purposely mislead people. But some peoples view on Dali’s painting is nothing more than a collection of ideas that are to do with the interpretation of everyday objects dreams and nightmares and the perception of reality, time, birth and death. Dali sometimes referred to his paintings as hand-painted dream photographs and The Persistence of Memory can certainly be characterized as that. Dalis paintings are psychologically deep and mentally thought out. Dali is a painter that will be remembered in history and his paintings will live on for generations to come and thousands more will admire his masterpieces.

Repression Essays (717 words) - Freudian Psychology,

Repression When forming a memory, the brain takes what we see, hear, smell, feel, and or taste, and fills in the blank spots with information that we have perceived from common knowledge and stores it as a memory. But sometimes something happens that is so shocking that the mind grabs hold of the memory and pushes it underground, into some inaccessible corner of the unconscious. There it sleeps for years, or even decades, or even forever- isolated from the rest of mental life. Then, one day it may rise up and emerge into consciousness. When the unconscious tucks away a memory, to hopefully be forgotten, it is called Repression. Repression is a defense mechanism derived from Sigmund Freud near the beginning of the century (Gay 18-19). But if a person cannot recall a memory, was it ever really a memory? Did it ever really happen? If so, can the conscious be manipulated and made to think that, through controversial methods such as hypnosis or a truth serum called sodium pentathol, a false event actually happened? (Accused) And if these false events are believed, then can the manipulated mind be used in court cases to sue the people who caused the traumatic experience? When Freud discovered the idea behind repressed memories he then had to come up with a way to recover then. A process known as psychoanalysis was formed. The theory of repression and recovery became a corner stone to understanding some of our own neurosis (Gay 18-19). When Freud began to use this method frequently, he did not know what psychologists would do with the theory today, nor did he realize that people would ever use this as a method of fraud. In 1990 a case went to trial against a man accused of murder 20 years earlier. He was accused of killing his daughters` best friend. The daughter, now an adult, began to remember slowly events that occurred and pieced together enough information to convict her father. He was the first man to ever go to trial and be convicted of murder of the grounds of a recovered memory (repressed memories). In this particular case, was the daughter beginning to remember these events before she began therapy or was this such a traumatic event that in order to settle it within her own mind, she had to come up with her own solution? When a memory becomes locked away, it can be permanent or temporary depending on the severity of the traumatic experience. Through psychoanalysis, the memory can be brought back. The process is a detailed inquiry of the persons past and past relations and events, which are recorded and analyzed. (Gay 479) Through this process, the psychologist then can determine whether or not there is more there to be brought out. This is where hypnosis and other controversial methods can come into play. When you are under hypnosis, you are completely vulnerable and susceptible to influence. Memories can then be implanted by use of descriptive details, inserted characters and fictitious plot elaboration. (Accused) There are also three ways in which memory can be affected: when it is stored, while it is being stored and when it is retrieved. During each of these times something could be misunderstood, or implanted. Psychologists are not the only influences our brain has. Recollections of horror movies, comic books, nightmares, anything on TV are liable to get garbled in our memories and tossed around to confuse us. Possibilities of retrieval of lost memories are plentiful. Memories of these things can come out in the hypnosis therapy and therapists think it to be true and valid information. But not only is it up to the techniques reliability, but it is also up to the mind and soul of the person to distinguish these other influences and recapture the true event. Knowing that evidence exists that memories can be implanted and that the mind is so easily mislead, it makes you wonder about your own past. It makes you almost want to remember things that your not even sure existed. It also makes you wonder why people would want to dredge up memories if they are not real. There is no easy answer or explanation to the theory of repression and retrieval, but until psychologists can drag our unconsciousness into the light, retrieval of repressed memories will be left in the dark. Bibliography Accused-False Memory Syndrome. http://www.accused.com/contents/overview/fms.html* (9 Sept. 1998) Freud, Sigmund. The Freud Reader. ed. Peter Gay. London: Yale University. 1995. Repressed Memories. http://www.psy.flinders.edu.au/webpages/learning/ktmgcc/page2.html* (9 Sept. 1998)

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay James Chadwick had many accomplishments Nobel Prize, wartime knighthood, Master of Gonville and Caius, Companion of Honor but was a troubled, hyper-tense human being, capable of love and choler every bit good as restraint. Chadwick was born in Bollington, non far from Manchester, England, on October 20, 1891, to John Joseph Chadwick and Ann Mary Knowles. Chadwick senior owned a wash concern in Manchester. At the age of 16, Chadwick won a scholarship to the University of Manchester, where he had intended to analyze mathematics. However, because he was erroneously interviewed for entree to the natural philosophies plan and was excessively diffident to explicate the mistake, he decided to remain in natural philosophies. Initially Chadwick was disappointed in the natural philosophy categories, happening them excessively big and noisy. But in his 2nd twelvemonth, he heard a talk by experimental physicist Ernest Rutherford about his early New Zealand experiments. Chadwick established a close working relationship with Rutherford and graduated in 1911 with first awards. Chadwick stayed at Manchester to work on his maestro s grade. During this clip he made the familiarity of others in the natural philosophies section, including Hans Geiger and Niels Bohr. Chadwick completed his M.S. in 1913 and won a scholarship that required him to make his research off from the establishment that granted his grade. At this clip Geiger returned to Germany, and Chadwick decided to follow him. Chadwick had non been in Germany long when World War I broke out. Soon he was arrested and sat in a Berlin gaol for 10 yearss until Geiger s research lab interceded for his release. Finally Chadwick was interned for the continuance of the war, as were all other Englishmen in Germany. Chadwick spent the war old ages confined at a race path, where he shared with five other work forces a stable intended for two Equus caballuss. His four old ages at that place were quiet, cold, and hungry. He managed to keep correspondence with Geiger. Although the work he did under such rough conditions was non really fruitful, Chadwickfelt that the experience of internment contributed to his adulthood. Furthermore, when Chadwickreturned to England, he found that no 1 else had made much advancement in atomic natural philosophies during his clip off. His careful self-humbleness, though, kept him from the spotlight, and his primary function over the following 20 old ages was as Rutherford s helper. They had a complex relationship where Chadwick was confidant, critic and counsellor every bit good as general factotum ( labourer ) for the great adult male, peculiarly during their long association at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. One of Chadwick s first undertakings was to assist Rutherford set up a unit of measuring for radiation, to help in experiments with the radiation of atomic karyon. Chadwick so developed a method to mensurate radiation that required the observation of flashes, called scintillations, in Zn sulphide crystals under a microscope and in complete darkness. Chadwickand Rutherford spent much clip experimenting with the transubstantiation of elements, trying to interrupt up the karyon of one component so that different elements would be formed. This work finally led to other experiments to estimate the size and map the construction of the atomic karyon. Throughout the old ages of work on the transubstantiation of elements, Chadwick and Rutherford struggled with an incompatibility. They saw that about every component had an atomic figure that was less than its atomic mass. In other words, an atom of any given component seemed to hold more mass than could be accounted for by the figure of protons in its karyon. Rutherford so suggested the possibility of a atom with the mass of a proton and a impersonal charge, but for a long clip his and Chadwick s efforts to happen such a atom were in vain. For twelve old ages, Chadwick looked intermittently and unsuccessfully for the neutrally-charged atom that Rutherford proposed. In 1930 two German physicists, Walther Bothe and Hans Becker, found an unexpectedly penetrating radiation, thought to be gamma beams, when some elements were bombarded with alpha-particles. However, the component Be showed an emanation form that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for. Chadwick suspected that impersonal atoms were responsible for the emanations. Work done in France in 1922 by physicists Frederic Joliot-Curie and Irene Joliot-Curie supplied the reply. Analyzing the conjectural gamma-ray emanations from Be, they found that radiation increased when the emanations passed through the absorbing stuff paraffin. Although the Joliot-Curie squad concluded that gamma beams emitted by Be knocked H protons out of the paraffin, Chadwickimmediately saw that their experiments would corroborate the presence of the neutron, since it would take a impers onal atom of such mass to travel a proton. He foremost set to work showing that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for the ascertained phenomena, because gamma beams would non hold plenty energy to chuck out protons so quickly. Then he showed that the Be karyon, when combined with an alpha-particle, could be transmuted to a C karyon, let go ofing a atom with a mass comparable to that of a proton but with a impersonal charge. The neutron had eventually been tracked down. Other experiments showed that a B karyon plus an alpha-particle consequences in a N nucleus plus a neutron. Chadwick s first public proclamation of the find was in an article in the diaryNaturewith a title feature of his retiring personality, Possible Being of a Neutron. It was his find of the neutron, in an experiment of demilitarizing simpleness in 1932, which pulled him from Rutherford s shadow and won him, with unusual promptitude, the Nobel Prize for natural philosophies in 1935. He was now a giant in his field, and all his studious attempts to give recognition to others could non hide it. That same twelvemonth, Chadwicktook a place at the University of Liverpool to set up a new research centre in atomic natural philosophies and to construct a atom gas pedal. Chadwick s repute manifested his engagement with the atomic bomb and the single-mindedness he brought to the early thought and feasibleness work in Britain, and to the subsequent development of the arm in the US. Chadwick, among the first to see the potency for a arm and to recognize that Nazi Germany might be doing it, threw himself into the undertaking and ended up in consequence in charge on the British side. Chadwick s find of the neutron made possible more precise scrutinies of the karyon. It besides led to guesss about uranium fission. Physicists found that pelting uranium karyon with neutrons caused the karyon to divide into two about equal pieces and to let go of energy in the really big sums predicted by Einstein s expression E=mc2. This phenomenon, known as atomic fission, was discovered and publicized on the Eve of World War II, and many scientists instantly began to theorize about its application to warfare. Britain rapidly assembled a group of scientists under the Ministry of Aircraft Production, called the Maud Committee, to prosecute the practicality of an atomic bomb. Chadwick was put in charge of organizing all the experimental attempts of the universities of Birmingham, Cambridge, Liverpool, London, and Oxford. Initially Chadwick s duties were limited to the really hard and purely experimental facets of the research undertaking. Gradually, he became more involved with other responsibilities in the organisation, peculiarly as interpreter. Chadwick s work in measuring and showing grounds convinced British authorities and military leaders to travel in front with the undertaking. Chadwick s engagement was wide and deep, coercing him to cover with scientific inside informations of uranium supplies and radiation effects every bit good as broader issues of scientific organisation and policy. His correspondence during this clip referred to issues runing from Britain s relationship with the United States to the effects of Co on the wellness of sheep. As the force per unit areas of war became greater, the British realized that even with their theoretical progresss, they did non hold the practical resources to develop a on the job atomic bomb. In 1943 Britain and the United States signed the Quebec Agreement, which created a partnership between the two states for the development of an atomic bomb. Chadwick became the leader of the British contingent involved in the Manhattan Project in the United States. Although he was diffident and used to the isolation of the research lab, Chadwick became known for his tireless attempts at coaction and his acute sense of diplomatic negotiations. He maintained friendly Anglo-American dealingss despite a great assortment of scientific challenges, political battles, and conflicting personalities. On July 16, 1945, he witnessed the first atomic trial in the New Mexico desert. After the war, Chadwick s work continued to concentrate on atomic arms. He was an adviser for the British representatives to the United Nations sing the control of atomic energy around the universe. Although he pushed for atomic policy issues every bit much as he pushed for scientific solutions, Chadwick finally saw the inutility of the atomic bomb. Margaret Gowing, in her article, James Chadwick and the Atomic Bomb, wrote that Chadwick made a comment about the bomb saying Its consequence in doing agony is out of all proportion to its military consequence. Chadwick s postwar engagement with atomic energy was non limited to arms. He besides was interested in medical applications of radioactive stuffs, and he worked to develop ways of modulating radioactive substances. Chadwick was a dedicated and indefatigable scientist who balanced his committednesss to science with a committedness to his household. He and his married woman, Aileen Stewart-Brown, whom he married in 1925, had twin girls. Chadwick was diffident and serious and had an demanding sense of subject and a indefatigable attending to item. When he was at the Cavendish research lab, all documents that went out for publication passed under his critical regard. Here is a adult male known as psychologically delicate so weak at times that he would plead unwellness to avoid an unwelcome confrontation with a mere undergraduate who for five old ages drives meetings, knocks scientific caputs together, toughs ministries and conducts the most delicate diplomatic negotiations with the Americans. He went on to fall in the great and good in postwar Britain and was honored for his work, but what he had done in the war, invariably fighting against his ain nature and inherent aptitudes, left him weakened and at times about defeated by life. Although his ability to work out jobs and form people neer left him, he seems progressively to hold used unwellness ( which mystified his physicians ) to screen himself against troubles. In 1950 he was proposed as vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, but turned it down on wellness evidences. He was knighted in 1945 and in 1948 was elected maestro of Gonville and Caius College, a station from which he retired in 1959. Three old ages subsequently he retired besides from the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, on which he had served as parttime member from 1957. Sir James Chadwick died in Cambridge, England, on July 24, 1974. Mentions 1. Brown, Andrew ( July 31, 1997 ) The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 2. James Chadwick ( 27 Feb. 1932 ) Letterss to the editor: Possible being of a neutron, Nature, vol. 129, page 312. 3. Chadwick, J. ( 1932 ) The being of a neutron, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, vol. 136, pages 692-708 4. Gowing, Margaret ( January, 1993 ) Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. JamesChadwick and the Atomic Bomb, pp. 79-92. 5. Oliphant, Mark ( December, 1982 ) The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The Beginning: Chadwick and the Neutron, pp. 14-18. 6. Pollard, Ernest ( October, 1991 ) Physics World. Neutron Pioneer, pp. 31-33. 7. Ioan, James ( 2004 ) Remarkable Physicists From Galileo to Yukawa. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Madison Ellenburg Physical Science